dcsCommon = {}
dcsCommon.version = "2.9.2"
--[[-- VERSION HISTORY
 2.2.6 - compassPositionOfARelativeToB
	   - clockPositionOfARelativeToB
 2.2.7 - isTroopCarrier 
       - distFlat
 2.2.8 - fixed event2text 
 2.2.9 - getUnitAGL
       - getUnitAlt
	   - getUnitSpeed 
	   - getUnitHeading
	   - getUnitHeadingDegrees
	   - mag
	   - clockPositionOfARelativeToB with own heading 
 2.3.0 - unitIsInfantry
 2.3.1 - bool2YesNo
       - bool2Text
 2.3.2 - getGroupAvgSpeed
       - getGroupMaxSpeed
 2.3.3 - getSizeOfTable
 2.3.4 - isSceneryObject
         coalition2county
 2.3.5 - smallRandom
         pickRandom uses smallRandom
		 airfield handling, parking 
		 flight waypoint handling
		 landing waypoint creation
		 take-off waypoint creation
 2.3.6 - createOverheadAirdromeRoutPintData(aerodrome)
 2.3.7 - coalition2county - warning when creating UN 
 2.3.8 - improved headingOfBInDegrees, new getClockDirection
 2.3.9 - getClosingVelocity
       - dot product 
	   - magSquare
	   - vMag
 2.4.0 - libCheck
 2.4.1 - grid/square/rect formation 
       - arrangeGroupInNColumns formation 
	   - 2Columns formation deep and wide formation
 2.4.2 - getAirbasesInRangeOfPoint
 2.4.3 - lerp 
 2.4.4 - getClosestAirbaseTo
       - fixed bug in containsString when strings equal
 2.4.5 - added cargo and mass options to createStaticObjectData
 2.4.6 - fixed randompercent 
 2.4.7 - smokeColor2Num(smokeColor)
 2.4.8 - linkStaticDataToUnit()
 2.4.9 - trim functions 
       - createGroundUnitData uses trim function to remove leading/trailing blanks
	     so now we can use blanks after comma to separate types 
       - dcsCommon.trimArray(
	   - createStaticObjectData uses trim for type 
	   - getEnemyCoalitionFor understands strings, still returns number
       - coalition2county also understands 'red' and 'blue'
 2.5.0 - "Line" formation with one unit places unit at center 	
 2.5.1 - vNorm(a)  
 2.5.1 - added SA-18 Igla manpad to unitIsInfantry()
 2.5.2 - added copyArray method
	   - corrected heading in createStaticObjectData
 2.5.3 - corrected rotateGroupData bug for cz 
	   - removed forced error in failed pickRandom
 2.5.4 - rotateUnitData()
       - randomBetween()
 2.5.5 - stringStartsWithDigit()
       - stringStartsWithLetter()
	   - stringIsPositiveNumber()
 2.5.6 - corrected stringEndsWith() bug with str
 2.5.7 - point2text(p) 
 2.5.8 - string2GroupCat()
 2.5.9 - string2ObjectCat()
 2.6.0 - unified uuid, removed uuIdent
 2.6.1 - removed bug in rotateUnitData: cy --> cz param passing  
 2.6.2 - new combineTables()
 2.6.3 - new tacan2freq()
 2.6.4 - new processHMS()
 2.6.5 - new bearing2compass()
       - new bearingdegrees2compass()
	   - new latLon2Text() - based on mist 
 2.6.6 - new nowString() 
       - new str2num()
	   - new stringRemainsStartingWith()
       - new stripLF()
	   - new removeBlanks()
 2.6.7 - new menu2text()
 2.6.8 - new getMissionName()
       - new flagArrayFromString()
 2.6.9 - new getSceneryObjectsInZone()
       - new getSceneryObjectInZoneByName()
 2.7.0 - new synchGroupData()
         clone, topClone and copyArray now all nil-trap 
 2.7.1 - new isPlayerUnit() -- moved from cfxPlayer
         new getAllExistingPlayerUnitsRaw - from cfxPlayer
		 new typeIsInfantry()
 2.7.2 - new rangeArrayFromString()
         fixed leading blank bug in flagArrayFromString
		 new incFlag()
		 new decFlag()
		 nil trap in stringStartsWith()
		 new getClosestFreeSlotForCatInAirbaseTo()
 2.7.3 - new string2Array()
       - additional guard for isPlayerUnit
 2.7.4 - new array2string()
 2.7.5 - new bitAND32()
       - new LSR()
	   - new num2bin()
 2.7.6 - new getObjectsForCatAtPointWithRadius()
 2.7.7 - clone() has new stripMeta option. pass true to remove all meta tables 
	   - dumpVar2Str detects meta tables 
	   - rotateGroupData kills unit's psi value if it existed since it messes with heading 
	   - rotateGroupData - changes psi to -heading if it exists rather than nilling
 2.7.8 - new getGeneralDirection()
	   - new getNauticalDirection()
	   - more robust guards for getUnitSpeed
 2.7.9 - new bool2Num(theBool)
	   - new aspectByDirection()
	   - createGroundGroupWithUnits corrected spelling of minDist, crashed scattered formation
	   - randomPointInCircle fixed erroneous local for x, z 
	   - "scattered" formation repaired
 2.7.10- semaphore groundwork 
 2.8.0 - new collectMissionIDs at start-up  
	   - new getUnitNameByID
	   - new getGroupNameByID
	   - bool2YesNo alsco can return NIL
	   - new getUnitStartPosByID
 2.8.1 - arrayContainsString: type checking for theArray and warning
	   - processStringWildcards()
	   - new wildArrayContainsString() 
	   - fix for stringStartsWith oddity with aircraft types 
 2.8.2 - better fixes for string.find() in stringStartsWith and containsString
       - dcsCommon.isTroopCarrier(theUnit, carriers) new carriers optional param
	   - better guards for getUnitAlt and getUnitAGL
	   - new newPointAtDegreesRange()
	   - new newPointAtAngleRange()
	   - new isTroopCarrierType()
	   - stringStartsWith now supports case insensitive match 
	   - isTroopCarrier() supports 'any' and 'all'
	   - made getEnemyCoalitionFor() more resilient 
	   - fix to smallRandom for negative numbers
	   - isTroopCarrierType uses wildArrayContainsString
 2.8.3 - small optimizations in bearingFromAtoB()
       - new whichSideOfMine()
 2.8.4 - new rotatePointAroundOriginRad()
	   - new rotatePointAroundPointDeg()
	   - new rotatePointAroundPointRad()
	   - getClosestAirbaseTo() now supports passing list of air bases
 2.8.5 - better guard in getGroupUnit()
 2.8.6 - phonetic helpers 
		 new spellString()
 2.8.7 - new flareColor2Num()
       - new flareColor2Text()
       - new iteratePlayers()
 2.8.8 - new hexString2RGBA()
       - new playerName2Coalition()
	   - new coalition2Text()
 2.8.9 - vAdd supports xy and xyz 
       - vSub supports xy and xyz 
	   - vMultScalar supports xy and xyz 
2.8.10 - tacan2freq now integrated with module (blush) 
       - array2string cosmetic default 
	   - vMultScalar corrected bug in accessing b.z 
	   - new randomLetter()
	   - new getPlayerUnit()
	   - new getMapName()
	   - new getMagDeclForPoint()
2.9.0  - createPoint() moved from cfxZones
	   - copyPoint() moved from cfxZones
	   - numberArrayFromString() moved from cfxZones
2.9.1  - new createSimpleRoutePointData()
	   - createOverheadAirdromeRoutPintData corrected and legacy support added 
	   - new bearingFromAtoBusingXY()
	   - corrected verbosity for bearingFromAtoB
	   - new getCountriesForCoalition()
2.9.2  - updated task2text

--]]--

	-- dcsCommon is a library of common lua functions 
	-- for easy access and simple mission programming
	-- (c) 2021 - 2023 by Chritian Franz and cf/x AG

	dcsCommon.verbose = false -- set to true to see debug messages. Lots of them
	dcsCommon.uuidStr = "uuid-"
	dcsCommon.simpleUUID = 76543 -- a number to start. as good as any
	
	-- globals
	dcsCommon.cbID = 0 -- callback id for simple callback scheduling
	dcsCommon.troopCarriers = {"Mi-8MT", "UH-1H", "Mi-24P"} -- Ka-50, Apache and Gazelle can't carry troops
	dcsCommon.coalitionSides = {0, 1, 2}
	dcsCommon.maxCountry = 86 -- number of countries defined in total 
	
	-- lookup tables
	dcsCommon.groupID2Name = {}
	dcsCommon.unitID2Name = {}
	dcsCommon.unitID2X = {}
	dcsCommon.unitID2Y = {}

	-- verify that a module is loaded. obviously not required
	-- for dcsCommon, but all higher-order modules
	function dcsCommon.libCheck(testingFor, requiredLibs)
		local canRun = true 
		for idx, libName in pairs(requiredLibs) do 
			if not _G[libName] then 
				trigger.action.outText("*** " .. testingFor .. " requires " .. libName, 30)
				canRun = false 
			end
		end
		return canRun
	end

	-- read all groups and units from miz and build a reference table
	function dcsCommon.collectMissionIDs()
	-- create cross reference tables to be able to get a group or
	-- unit's name by ID
		for coa_name_miz, coa_data in pairs(env.mission.coalition) do -- iterate all coalitions
			local coa_name = coa_name_miz
			if string.lower(coa_name_miz) == 'neutrals' then -- remove 's' at neutralS
				coa_name = 'neutral'
			end
			-- directly convert coalition into number for easier access later
			local coaNum = 0
			if coa_name == "red" then coaNum = 1 end 
			if coa_name == "blue" then coaNum = 2 end 
			
			if type(coa_data) == 'table' then -- coalition = {bullseye, nav_points, name, county}, 
											  -- with county being an array 
				if coa_data.country then -- make sure there a country table for this coalition
					for cntry_id, cntry_data in pairs(coa_data.country) do -- iterate all countries for this 
						-- per country = {id, name, vehicle, helicopter, plane, ship, static}
						local countryName = string.lower(cntry_data.name)
						local countryID = cntry_data.id 
						if type(cntry_data) == 'table' then	-- filter strings .id and .name 
							for obj_type_name, obj_type_data in pairs(cntry_data) do
								-- only look at helos, ships, planes and vehicles
								if obj_type_name == "helicopter" or 
								   obj_type_name == "ship" or 
								   obj_type_name == "plane" or 
								   obj_type_name == "vehicle" or 
								   obj_type_name == "static" -- what about "cargo"?
								then -- (so it's not id or name)
									local category = obj_type_name
									if ((type(obj_type_data) == 'table') and obj_type_data.group and (type(obj_type_data.group) == 'table') and (#obj_type_data.group > 0)) then	--there's at least one group!
										for group_num, group_data in pairs(obj_type_data.group) do
											
											local aName = group_data.name 
											local aID = group_data.groupId
											-- store this reference 
											dcsCommon.groupID2Name[aID] = aName 
											
											-- now iterate all units in this group 
											-- for player into 
											for unit_num, unit_data in pairs(group_data.units) do
												if unit_data.name and unit_data.unitId then 
													-- store this reference 
													dcsCommon.unitID2Name[unit_data.unitId] = unit_data.name
													dcsCommon.unitID2X[unit_data.unitId] = unit_data.x
													dcsCommon.unitID2Y[unit_data.unitId] = unit_data.y
												end
											end -- for all units
										end -- for all groups 
									end --if has category data 
								end --if plane, helo etc... category
							end --for all objects in country 
						end --if has country data 
					end --for all countries in coalition
				end --if coalition has country table 
			end -- if there is coalition data  
		end --for all coalitions in mission 
	end

	function dcsCommon.getUnitNameByID(theID)
		-- accessor function for later expansion
		return dcsCommon.unitID2Name[theID]
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.getGroupNameByID(theID)
		-- accessor function for later expansion 
		return dcsCommon.groupID2Name[theID]
	end

	function dcsCommon.getUnitStartPosByID(theID)
		local x = dcsCommon.unitID2X[theID]
		local y = dcsCommon.unitID2Y[theID]
		return x, y
	end
	
	-- returns only positive values, lo must be >0 and <= hi 
	function dcsCommon.randomBetween(loBound, hiBound)
		if not loBound then loBound = 1 end 
		if not hiBound then hiBound = 1 end 
		if loBound == hiBound then return loBound end 

		local delayMin = loBound
		local delayMax = hiBound 
		local delay = delayMax 
	
		if delayMin ~= delayMax then 
			-- pick random in range , say 3-7 --> 5 s!
			local delayDiff = (delayMax - delayMin) + 1 -- 7-3 + 1
			delay = dcsCommon.smallRandom(delayDiff) - 1 --> 0-4
			delay = delay + delayMin 
			if delay > delayMax then delay = delayMax end 
			if delay < 1 then delay = 1 end 
		
			if dcsCommon.verbose then 
				trigger.action.outText("+++dcsC: delay range " .. delayMin .. "-" .. delayMax .. ": selected " .. delay, 30)
			end
		end
		
		return delay
	end
	

	-- taken inspiration from mist, as dcs lua has issues with
	-- random numbers smaller than 50. Given a range of x numbers 1..x, it is 
	-- repeated a number of times until it fills an array of at least 
	-- 50 items (usually some more), and only then one itemis picked from 
	-- that array with a random number that is from a greater range (0..50+)
	function dcsCommon.smallRandom(theNum) -- adapted from mist, only support ints
		theNum = math.floor(theNum)
		if theNum >= 50 then return math.random(theNum) end
		if theNum < 1 then
			trigger.action.outText("smallRandom: invoke with argument < 1 (" .. theNum .. "), using 1", 30)
			theNum = 1 
		end 
		-- for small randoms (<50) 
		local lowNum, highNum
		highNum = theNum
		lowNum = 1
		local total = 1
		if math.abs(highNum - lowNum + 1) < 50 then -- if total values is less than 50
			total = math.modf(50/math.abs(highNum - lowNum + 1)) -- number of times to repeat whole range to get above 50. e.g. 11 would be 5 times 1 .. 11, giving us 55 items total 
		end
		local choices = {}
		for i = 1, total do -- iterate required number of times
			for x = lowNum, highNum do -- iterate between the range
				choices[#choices +1] = x -- add each entry to a table
			end
		end
		local rtnVal; -- = math.random(#choices) -- will now do a math.random of at least 50 choices
		for i = 1, 15 do
			rtnVal = math.random(#choices) -- iterate 15 times for randomization
		end
		return choices[rtnVal] -- return indexed
	end
	

	function dcsCommon.getSizeOfTable(theTable)
		local count = 0
		for _ in pairs(theTable) do count = count + 1 end
		return count
	end

	function dcsCommon.findAndRemoveFromTable(theTable, theElement) -- assumes array 
		if not theElement then return false end 
		if not theTable then return false end 
		for i=1, #theTable do 
			if theTable[i] == theElement then 
				-- this element found. remove from table 
				table.remove(theTable, i)
				return true 
			end
		end
	end

	function dcsCommon.pickRandom(theTable)
		if not theTable then 
			trigger.action.outText("*** warning: nil table in pick random", 30)
		end
		
		if #theTable < 1 then 
			trigger.action.outText("*** warning: zero choice in pick random", 30)
			--local k = i.ll 
			return nil
		end
		if #theTable == 1 then return theTable[1] end
		r = dcsCommon.smallRandom(#theTable) --r = math.random(#theTable)
		return theTable[r]
	end

	-- enumerateTable - make an array out of a table for indexed access
	function dcsCommon.enumerateTable(theTable)
		if not theTable then theTable = {} end
		local array = {}
		for key, value in pairs(theTable) do 
			table.insert(array, value)
		end
		return array
	end

	-- combine table. creates new 
	function dcsCommon.combineTables(inOne, inTwo)
		local outTable = {}
		for idx, element in pairs(inOne) do 
			table.insert(outTable, element)
		end
		for idx, element in pairs(inTwo) do 
			table.insert(outTable, element)
		end
		return outTable
	end
-- 
-- A I R F I E L D S  A N D  F A R P S  
--

	-- airfield management 
	function dcsCommon.getAirbaseCat(aBase)
		if not aBase then return nil end 
		
		local airDesc = aBase:getDesc()
		if not airDesc then return nil end 
		
		local airCat = airDesc.category
		return airCat 
	end

	-- get free parking slot. optional parkingType can be used to 
	-- filter for a scpecific type, e.g. 104 = open field
	function dcsCommon.getFirstFreeParkingSlot(aerodrome, parkingType) 
		if not aerodrome then return nil end 
		local freeSlots = aerodrome:getParking(true)
		
		for idx, theSlot in pairs(freeSlots) do 
			if not parkingType then 
				-- simply return the first we come across
				return theSlot
			end		
			
			if theSlot.Term_Type == parkingType then 
				return theSlot 
			end
		end
		
		return nil 
	end

	-- getAirbasesInRangeOfPoint: get airbases that are in range of point 
	function dcsCommon.getAirbasesInRangeOfPoint(center, range, filterCat, filterCoalition)
		if not center then return {} end 
		if not range then range = 500 end -- 500m default 
		local basesInRange = {}
		
		local allAB = dcsCommon.getAirbasesWhoseNameContains("*", filterCat, filterCoalition)
		for idx, aBase in pairs(allAB) do 			
			local delta = dcsCommon.dist(center, aBase:getPoint())
			if delta <= range then 
				table.insert(basesInRange, aBase)
			end
		end
		return basesInRange
	end

	-- getAirbasesInRangeOfAirbase returns all airbases that 
	-- are in range of the given airbase 
	function dcsCommon.getAirbasesInRangeOfAirbase(airbase, includeCenter, range, filterCat, filterCoalition)
		if not airbase then return {} end
		if not range then range = 150000 end 
		local center = airbase:getPoint() 
		local centerName = airbase:getName() 
		
		local ABinRange = {}
		local allAB = dcsCommon.getAirbasesWhoseNameContains("*", filterCat, filterCoalition)
		
		for idx, aBase in pairs(allAB) do 
			if aBase:getName() ~= centerName then 
				local delta = dcsCommon.dist(center, aBase:getPoint())
				if delta <= range then 
					table.insert(ABinRange, aBase)
				end
			end		
		end
		
		if includeCenter then 
			table.insert(ABinRange, airbase)
		end
		
		return ABinRange
	end

	function dcsCommon.getAirbasesInRangeOfAirbaseList(theCenterList, includeList, range, filterCat, filterCoalition)
		local collectorDict = {}
		for idx, aCenter in pairs(theCenterList) do 
			-- get all surrounding airbases. returns list of airfields 
			local surroundingAB = dcsCommon.getAirbasesInRangeOfAirbase(airbase, includeList, range, filterCat, filterCoalition)
			
			for idx2, theAirField in pairs (surroundingAB) do 
				collectorDict[airField] = theAirField 
			end
		end
		
		-- make result an array
		local theABList = dcsCommon.enumerateTable(collectorDict)
		return theABList
	end

	-- getAirbasesWhoseNameContains - get all airbases containing 
	-- a name. filterCat is optional and can be aerodrome (0), farp (1), ship (2)
	-- filterCoalition is optional and can be 0 (neutral), 1 (red), 2 (blue) 
	-- if no name given or aName = "*", then all bases are returned prior to filtering 
	function dcsCommon.getAirbasesWhoseNameContains(aName, filterCat, filterCoalition)
		--trigger.action.outText("getAB(name): enter with " .. aName, 30)
		if not aName then aName = "*" end 
		local allYourBase = world.getAirbases() -- get em all 
		local areBelongToUs = {}
		-- now iterate all bases
		for idx, aBase in pairs(allYourBase) do
			local airBaseName = aBase:getName() -- get display name
			if aName == "*" or dcsCommon.containsString(airBaseName, aName) then 
				-- containsString is case insesitive unless told otherwise
				--if aName ~= "*" then 
				--	trigger.action.outText("getAB(name): matched " .. airBaseName, 30)
				--end 
				local doAdd = true 
				if filterCat then 
					-- make sure the airbase is of that category 
					local airCat = dcsCommon.getAirbaseCat(aBase)
					doAdd = doAdd and airCat == filterCat 
				end
				
				if filterCoalition then 
					doAdd = doAdd and filterCoalition == aBase:getCoalition()
				end
				
				if doAdd then 
					-- all good, add to table
					table.insert(areBelongToUs, aBase)
				end			
			end
		end
		return areBelongToUs
	end

	function dcsCommon.getFirstAirbaseWhoseNameContains(aName, filterCat, filterCoalition)
		local allBases = dcsCommon.getAirbasesWhoseNameContains(aName, filterCat, filterCoalition)
		for idx, aBase in pairs (allBases) do 
			-- simply return first 
			return aBase
		end
		return nil 
	end	

	function dcsCommon.getClosestAirbaseTo(thePoint, filterCat, filterCoalition, allYourBase)
		local delta = math.huge
		if not allYourBase then 
			allYourBase = dcsCommon.getAirbasesWhoseNameContains("*", filterCat, filterCoalition) -- get em all and filter
		end 
		
		local closestBase = nil 
		for idx, aBase in pairs(allYourBase) do
			-- iterate them all 
			local abPoint = aBase:getPoint()
			newDelta = dcsCommon.dist(thePoint, {x=abPoint.x, y = 0, z=abPoint.z})
			if newDelta < delta then 
				delta = newDelta
				closestBase = aBase
			end
		end
		return closestBase, delta 
	end

	function dcsCommon.getClosestFreeSlotForCatInAirbaseTo(cat, x, y, theAirbase, ignore)
		if not theAirbase then return nil end 
		if not ignore then ignore = {} end 
		if not cat then return nil end 
		if (not cat == "helicopter") and (not cat == "plane") then 
			trigger.action.outText("+++common-getslotforcat: wrong cat <" .. cat .. ">", 30)
			return nil 
		end
		local allFree = theAirbase:getParking(true) --  only free slots
		local filterFreeByType = {}
		for idx, aSlot in pairs(allFree) do 
			local termT = aSlot.Term_Type
			if termT == 104 or 
			(termT == 72 and cat == "plane") or 
			(termT == 68 and cat == "plane") or 
			(termT == 40 and cat == "helicopter") then 
				table.insert(filterFreeByType, aSlot)
			else 
				-- we skip this slot, not good for type 
			end
		end
		
		if #filterFreeByType == 0 then 
			return nil
		end 
		
		local reallyFree = {}
		for idx, aSlot in pairs(filterFreeByType) do 
			local slotNum = aSlot.Term_Index
			isTaken = false 
			for idy, taken in pairs(ignore) do 
				if taken == slotNum then isTaken = true end 
			end
			if not isTaken then 
				table.insert(reallyFree, aSlot)
			end
		end
		
		if #reallyFree < 1 then 
			reallyFree = filterFreeByType
		end
		
		local closestDist = math.huge 
		local closestSlot = nil 
		local p = {x = x, y = 0, z = y} -- !!
		for idx, aSlot in pairs(reallyFree) do 
			local sp = {x = aSlot.vTerminalPos.x, y = 0, z = aSlot.vTerminalPos.z}
			local currDist = dcsCommon.distFlat(p, sp)
			--trigger.action.outText("slot <" .. aSlot.Term_Index .. "> has dist " .. math.floor(currDist) .. " and _0 of <" .. aSlot.Term_Index_0 .. ">", 30)
			if currDist < closestDist then 
				closestSlot = aSlot 
				closestDist = currDist 
			end
		end
		--trigger.action.outText("slot <" .. closestSlot.Term_Index .. "> has closest dist <" .. math.floor(closestDist) .. ">", 30)
		return closestSlot
	end

-- 
-- U N I T S   M A N A G E M E N T 
--

	-- number of living units in group
	function dcsCommon.livingUnitsInGroup(group)
		local living = 0
		local allUnits = group:getUnits()
		for key, aUnit in pairs(allUnits) do 
			if aUnit:isExist() and aUnit:getLife() >= 1 then 
				living = living + 1
			end
		end
		return living
	end

	-- closest living unit in group to a point
	function dcsCommon.getClosestLivingUnitToPoint(group, p)
		if not p then return nil end
		if not group then return nil end
		local closestUnit = nil
		local closestDist = math.huge
		local allUnits = group:getUnits()
		for key, aUnit in pairs(allUnits) do 
			if aUnit:isExist() and aUnit:getLife() >= 1 then 
				local thisDist = dcsCommon.dist(p, aUnit:getPoint())
				if thisDist < closestDist then 
					closestDist = thisDist
					closestUnit = aUnit 
				end
			end
		end
		return closestUnit, closestDist
	end
	
	-- closest living group to a point - cat can be nil or one of Group.Category = { AIRPLANE = 0, HELICOPTER = 1, GROUND = 2, SHIP = 3, TRAIN = 4}
	function dcsCommon.getClosestLivingGroupToPoint(p, coal, cat) 
		if not cat then cat = 2 end -- ground is default 
		local closestGroup = nil;
		local closestGroupDist = math.huge
		local allGroups =  coalition.getGroups(coal, cat) -- get all groups from this coalition, perhaps filtered by cat 
		for key, grp in pairs(allGroups) do
			local closestUnit, dist = dcsCommon.getClosestLivingUnitToPoint(grp, p)
			if closestUnit then 
				if dist < closestGroupDist then 
					closestGroup = grp
					closestGroupDist = dist
				end
			end			
		end
		return closestGroup, closestGroupDist
	end

	function dcsCommon.getLivingGroupsAndDistInRangeToPoint(p, range, coal, cat) 
		if not cat then cat = 2 end -- ground is default 
		local groupsInRange = {};
		local allGroups = coalition.getGroups(coal, cat) -- get all groups from this coalition, perhaps filtered by cat 
		for key, grp in pairs(allGroups) do
			local closestUnit, dist = dcsCommon.getClosestLivingUnitToPoint(grp, p)
			if closestUnit then 
				if dist < range then 
					table.insert(groupsInRange, {group = grp, dist = dist}) -- array
				end
			end			
		end
		-- sort the groups by distance
		table.sort(groupsInRange, function (left, right) return left.dist < right.dist end )
		return groupsInRange
	end

	-- distFlat ignores y, input must be xyz points, NOT xy points  
	function dcsCommon.distFlat(p1, p2) 
		local point1 = {x = p1.x, y = 0, z=p1.z}
		local point2 = {x = p2.x, y = 0, z=p2.z}
		return dcsCommon.dist(point1, point2)
	end
	
	
	-- distance between points
	function dcsCommon.dist(point1, point2)	 -- returns distance between two points
	  -- supports xyz and xy notations
	  if not point1 then 
		trigger.action.outText("+++ warning: nil point1 in common:dist", 30)
		point1 = {x=0, y=0, z=0}
	  end

	  if not point2 then 
		trigger.action.outText("+++ warning: nil point2 in common:dist", 30)
		point2 = {x=0, y=0, z=0}
		stop.here.now = 1
	  end
	  
	  local p1 = {x = point1.x, y = point1.y}
	  if not point1.z then 
		p1.z = p1.y
		p1.y = 0
	  else 
		p1.z = point1.z
	  end
	  
	  local p2 = {x = point2.x, y = point2.y}
	  if not point2.z then 
		p2.z = p2.y
		p2.y = 0
	  else 
		p2.z = point2.z
	  end
	  
	  local x = p1.x - p2.x
	  local y = p1.y - p2.y 
	  local z = p1.z - p2.z
	  
	  return (x*x + y*y + z*z)^0.5
	end

	function dcsCommon.delta(name1, name2) -- returns distance (in meters) of two named objects
	  local n1Pos = Unit.getByName(name1):getPosition().p
	  local n2Pos = Unit.getByName(name2):getPosition().p
	  return dcsCommon.dist(n1Pos, n2Pos)
	end

	-- lerp between a and b, x being 0..1 (percentage), clipped to [0..1]
	function dcsCommon.lerp(a, b, x) 
		if not a then return 0 end
		if not b then return 0 end
		if not x then return a end
		if x < 0 then x = 0 end 
		if x > 1 then x = 1 end 
		return a + (b - a ) * x
	end

	function dcsCommon.bearingFromAtoB(A, B) -- coords in x, z 
		if not A then 
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'A' in bearingFromAtoB", 30)
			return 0
		end
		if not B then
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'B' in bearingFromAtoB", 30)
			return 0
		end
		if not A.x then 
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'A.x' (type A =<" .. type(A) .. ">)in bearingFromAtoB", 30)
			return 0
		end
		if not A.z then 
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'A.z' (type A =<" .. type(A) .. ">)in bearingFromAtoB", 30)
			return 0
		end
		if not B.x then 
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'B.x' (type B =<" .. type(B) .. ">)in bearingFromAtoB", 30)
			return 0
		end
		if not B.z then 
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'B.z' (type B =<" .. type(B) .. ">)in bearingFromAtoB", 30)
			return 0
		end
		
		local dx = B.x - A.x
		local dz = B.z - A.z
		local bearing = math.atan2(dz, dx) -- in radiants
		return bearing
	end

	function dcsCommon.bearingFromAtoBusingXY(A, B) -- coords in x, y 
		if not A then 
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'A' in bearingFromAtoBXY", 30)
			return 0
		end
		if not B then
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'B' in bearingFromAtoBXY", 30)
			return 0
		end
		if not A.x then 
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'A.x' (type A =<" .. type(A) .. ">)in bearingFromAtoBXY", 30)
			return 0
		end
		if not A.y then 
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'A.y' (type A =<" .. type(A) .. ">)in bearingFromAtoBXY", 30)
			return 0
		end
		if not B.x then 
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'B.x' (type B =<" .. type(B) .. ">)in bearingFromAtoBXY", 30)
			return 0
		end
		if not B.y then 
			trigger.action.outText("WARNING: no 'B.y' (type B =<" .. type(B) .. ">)in bearingFromAtoBXY", 30)
			return 0
		end
		
		local dx = B.x - A.x
		local dz = B.y - A.y
		local bearing = math.atan2(dz, dx) -- in radiants
		return bearing
	end

	function dcsCommon.bearingInDegreesFromAtoB(A, B)
		local bearing = dcsCommon.bearingFromAtoB(A, B) -- in rads 
		bearing = math.floor(bearing / math.pi * 180)
		if bearing < 0 then bearing = bearing + 360 end
		if bearing > 360 then bearing = bearing - 360 end
		return bearing
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.compassPositionOfARelativeToB(A, B)
		-- warning: is REVERSE in order for bearing, returns a string like 'Sorth', 'Southwest'
		if not A then return "***error:A***" end
		if not B then return "***error:B***" end
		local bearing = dcsCommon.bearingInDegreesFromAtoB(B, A) -- returns 0..360
		if bearing < 23 then return "North" end 
		if bearing < 68 then return "NE" end
		if bearing < 112 then return "East" end 
		if bearing < 158 then return "SE" end 
		if bearing < 202 then return "South" end 
		if bearing < 248 then return "SW" end 
		if bearing < 292 then return "West" end
		if bearing < 338 then return "NW" end 
		return "North"
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.bearing2compass(inrad)
		local bearing = math.floor(inrad / math.pi * 180)
		if bearing < 0 then bearing = bearing + 360 end
		if bearing > 360 then bearing = bearing - 360 end
		return dcsCommon.bearingdegrees2compass(bearing)
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.bearingdegrees2compass(bearing)
		if bearing < 23 then return "North" end 
		if bearing < 68 then return "NE" end
		if bearing < 112 then return "East" end 
		if bearing < 158 then return "SE" end 
		if bearing < 202 then return "South" end 
		if bearing < 248 then return "SW" end 
		if bearing < 292 then return "West" end
		if bearing < 338 then return "NW" end 
		return "North"
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.clockPositionOfARelativeToB(A, B, headingOfBInDegrees)
		-- o'clock notation 
		if not A then return "***error:A***" end
		if not B then return "***error:B***" end
		if not headingOfBInDegrees then headingOfBInDegrees = 0 end 
		
		local bearing = dcsCommon.bearingInDegreesFromAtoB(B, A) -- returns 0..360
--		trigger.action.outText("+++comm: oclock - bearing = " .. bearing .. " and inHeading = " .. headingOfBInDegrees, 30) 
		bearing = bearing - headingOfBInDegrees
		return dcsCommon.getClockDirection(bearing)
		
	end 
	
	-- given a heading, return clock with 0 being 12, 180 being 6 etc.
	function dcsCommon.getClockDirection(direction) -- inspired by cws, improvements my own
		if not direction then return 0 end
		direction = math.fmod (direction, 360)
		while direction < 0 do 
			direction = direction + 360
		end
		while direction >= 360 do 
			direction = direction - 360
		end
		if direction < 15 then -- special case 12 o'clock past 12 o'clock
			return 12
		end
	
		direction = direction + 15 -- add offset so we get all other times correct
		return math.floor(direction/30)
	
	end

	function dcsCommon.getGeneralDirection(direction) -- inspired by cws, improvements my own
		if not direction then return "unkown" end
		direction = math.fmod (direction, 360)
		while direction < 0 do 
			direction = direction + 360
		end
		while direction >= 360 do 
			direction = direction - 360
		end
		if direction < 45 then return "ahead" end	
		if direction < 135 then return "right" end
		if direction < 225 then return "behind" end
		if direction < 315 then return "left" end 
		return "ahead"
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.getNauticalDirection(direction) -- inspired by cws, improvements my own
		if not direction then return "unkown" end
		direction = math.fmod (direction, 360)
		while direction < 0 do 
			direction = direction + 360
		end
		while direction >= 360 do 
			direction = direction - 360
		end
		if direction < 45 then return "ahead" end	
		if direction < 135 then return "starboard" end
		if direction < 225 then return "aft" end
		if direction < 315 then return "port" end 
		return "ahead"
	end

	function dcsCommon.aspectByDirection(direction) -- inspired by cws, improvements my own
		if not direction then return "unkown" end
		direction = math.fmod (direction, 360)
		while direction < 0 do 
			direction = direction + 360
		end
		while direction >= 360 do 
			direction = direction - 360
		end
		
		if direction < 45 then return "hot" end	
		if direction < 135 then return "beam" end
		if direction < 225 then return "drag" end
		if direction < 315 then return "beam" end 
		return "hot"
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.whichSideOfMine(theUnit, target) -- returs two values: -1/1 = left/right and "left"/"right" 
		if not theUnit then return nil end 
		if not target then return nil end 
		local uDOF = theUnit:getPosition() -- returns p, x, y, z Vec3
		-- with x, y, z being the normalised vectors for right, up, forward 
		local heading = math.atan2(uDOF.x.z, uDOF.x.x) -- returns rads
		if heading < 0 then
			heading = heading + 2 * math.pi	-- put heading in range of 0 to 2*pi
		end
		-- heading now runs from 0 through 2Pi
		local A = uDOF.p
		local B = target:getPoint() 
		 
		-- now get bearing from theUnit to target  
		local dx = B.x - A.x
		local dz = B.z - A.z
		local bearing = math.atan2(dz, dx) -- in rads
		if bearing < 0 then
			bearing = bearing + 2 * math.pi	-- make bearing 0 to 2*pi
		end

		-- we now have bearing to B, and own heading. 
		-- subtract own heading from bearing to see at what 
		-- bearing target would be if we 'turned the world' so
		-- that theUnit is heading 0
		local dBearing = bearing - heading
		-- if result < 0 or > Pi (=180°), target is left from us
		if dBearing < 0 or dBearing > math.pi then return -1, "left" end
		return 1, "right"
		-- note: no separate case for straight in front or behind
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.randomDegrees()
		local degrees = math.random(360) * 3.14152 / 180
		return degrees
	end

	function dcsCommon.randomPercent()
		local percent = math.random(100)/100
		return percent
	end

	function dcsCommon.randomPointOnPerimeter(sourceRadius, x, z) 
		return dcsCommon.randomPointInCircle(sourceRadius, sourceRadius-1, x, z)
	end

	function dcsCommon.randomPointInCircle(sourceRadius, innerRadius, x, z)
		if not x then x = 0 end
		if not z then z = 0 end 
		
		--local y = 0
		if not innerRadius then innerRadius = 0 end		
		if innerRadius < 0 then innerRadius = 0 end
		
		local percent = dcsCommon.randomPercent() -- 1 / math.random(100)
		-- now lets get a random degree
		local degrees = dcsCommon.randomDegrees() -- math.random(360) * 3.14152 / 180 -- ok, it's actually radiants. 
		local r = (sourceRadius-innerRadius) * percent 
		x = x + (innerRadius + r) * math.cos(degrees)
		z = z + (innerRadius + r) * math.sin(degrees)
	
		local thePoint = {}
		thePoint.x = x
		thePoint.y = 0
		thePoint.z = z 
		
		return thePoint, degrees
	end

	function dcsCommon.newPointAtDegreesRange(p1, degrees, radius)
		local rads = degrees * 3.14152 / 180
		local p2 = dcsCommon.newPointAtAngleRange(p1, rads, radius)
		return p2 
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.newPointAtAngleRange(p1, angle, radius)
		local p2 = {}
		p2.x = p1.x + radius * math.cos(angle)
		p2.y = p1.y 
		p2.z = p1.z + radius * math.sin(angle)
		return p2 
	end

	-- get group location: get the group's location by 
	-- accessing the fist existing, alive member of the group that it finds
	function dcsCommon.getGroupLocation(group)
		-- nifty trick from mist: make this work with group and group name
		if type(group) == 'string' then -- group name
			group = Group.getByName(group)
		end
		
		-- get all units
		local allUnits = group:getUnits()

		-- iterate through all members of group until one is alive and exists
		for index, theUnit in pairs(allUnits) do 
			if (theUnit:isExist() and theUnit:getLife() > 0) then 
				return theUnit:getPosition().p 
			end;
		end

		-- if we get here, there was no live unit 
		--trigger.action.outText("+++cmn: A group has no live units. returning nil", 10)
		return nil 
		
	end

	-- get the group's first Unit that exists and is 
	-- alive 
	function dcsCommon.getGroupUnit(group)
		if not group then return nil  end
		
		-- nifty trick from mist: make this work with group and group name
		if type(group) == 'string' then -- group name
			group = Group.getByName(group)
		end
		
		if not group:isExist() then return nil end 
		
		-- get all units
		local allUnits = group:getUnits()

		-- iterate through all members of group until one is alive and exists
		for index, theUnit in pairs(allUnits) do 
			if Unit.isExist(theUnit) and theUnit:getLife() > 0 then 
				return theUnit
			end;
		end

		-- if we get here, there was no live unit 
		--trigger.action.outText("+++cmn A group has no live units. returning nil", 10)
		return nil 
		
	end

	-- and here the alias
	function dcsCommon.getFirstLivingUnit(group)
		return dcsCommon.getGroupUnit(group)
	end
	
	-- isGroupAlive returns true if there is at least one unit in the group that isn't dead
	function dcsCommon.isGroupAlive(group)
		return (dcsCommon.getGroupUnit(group) ~= nil) 
	end

	function dcsCommon.getLiveGroupUnits(group)
		-- nifty trick from mist: make this work with group and group name
		if type(group) == 'string' then -- group name
			group = Group.getByName(group)
		end
		
		local liveUnits = {}
		-- get all units
		local allUnits = group:getUnits()

		-- iterate through all members of group until one is alive and exists
		for index, theUnit in pairs(allUnits) do 
			if (theUnit:isExist() and theUnit:getLife() > 0) then 
				table.insert(liveUnits, theUnit) 
			end;
		end

		-- if we get here, there was no live unit 
		return liveUnits
	end

	function dcsCommon.getGroupTypeString(group) -- convert into comma separated types 
		if not group then 
			trigger.action.outText("+++cmn getGroupTypeString: nil group", 30)
			return "" 
		end
		if not dcsCommon.isGroupAlive(group) then 
			trigger.action.outText("+++cmn getGroupTypeString: dead group", 30)
			return "" 
		end 
		local theTypes = ""
		local liveUnits = dcsCommon.getLiveGroupUnits(group)
		for i=1, #liveUnits do 
			if i > 1 then theTypes = theTypes .. "," end
			theTypes = theTypes .. liveUnits[i]:getTypeName()
		end
		return theTypes
	end

	function dcsCommon.getGroupTypes(group) 
		if not group then 
			trigger.action.outText("+++cmn getGroupTypes: nil group", 30)
			return {}
		end
		if not dcsCommon.isGroupAlive(group) then 
			trigger.action.outText("+++cmn getGroupTypes: dead group", 30)
			return {}
		end 
		local liveUnits = dcsCommon.getLiveGroupUnits(group)
		local unitTypes = {}
		for i=1, #liveUnits do 
			table.insert(unitTypes, liveUnits[i]:getTypeName())
		end
		return unitTypes
	end

	function dcsCommon.getEnemyCoalitionFor(aCoalition)
		if type(aCoalition) == "string" then 
			aCoalition = aCoalition:lower()
			if aCoalition == "red" then return 2 end
			if aCoalition == "blue" then return 1 end
			return nil 
		end
		if aCoalition == 1 then return 2 end
		if aCoalition == 2 then return 1 end
		return nil
	end

	function dcsCommon.getACountryForCoalition(aCoalition)
		-- scan the table of countries and get the first country that is part of aCoalition
		-- this is useful if you want to create troops for a coalition but don't know the
		-- coalition's countries 
		-- we start with id=0 (Russia), go to id=85 (Slovenia), but skip id = 14
		local i = 0
		while i < dcsCommon.maxCountry do -- 86 do 
			if i ~= 14 then 
				if (coalition.getCountryCoalition(i) == aCoalition) then return i end
			end
			i = i + 1
		end
		
		return nil
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.getCountriesForCoalition(aCoalition)
		if not aCoalition then aCoalition = 0 end 
		local allCty = {}
		
		local i = 0
		while i < dcsCommon.maxCountry do 
			if i ~= 14 then -- there is no county 14
				if (coalition.getCountryCoalition(i) == aCoalition) then 
					table.insert(allCty, i) 
				end
			end
			i = i + 1
		end
		return allCty
	end
--
--
-- C A L L B A C K   H A N D L E R 
--
--

	-- installing callbacks
	-- based on mist, with optional additional hooks for pre- and post-
	-- processing of the event
	-- when filtering occurs in pre, an alternative 'rejected' handler can be called 
	function dcsCommon.addEventHandler(f, pre, post, rejected) -- returns ID 
		local handler = {} -- build a wrapper and connect the onEvent
		--dcsCommon.cbID = dcsCommon.cbID + 1 -- increment unique count
		handler.id = dcsCommon.uuid("eventHandler")
		handler.f = f -- the callback itself
		if (rejected) then handler.rejected = rejected end
		-- now set up pre- and post-processors. defaults are set in place
		-- so pre and post are optional. If pre returns false, the callback will
		-- not be invoked
		if (pre) then handler.pre = pre else handler.pre = dcsCommon.preCall end
		if (post) then handler.post = post else handler.post = dcsCommon.postCall end
		function handler:onEvent(event)
			if not self.pre(event) then 
				if dcsCommon.verbose then
--					trigger.action.outText("event " .. event.id .. " discarded by pre-processor", 10)
				end
				if (self.rejected) then self.rejected(event) end 
				return
			end
			self.f(event) -- call the handler
			self.post(event) -- do post-processing
		end
		world.addEventHandler(handler)
		return handler.id
	end

	function dcsCommon.preCall(e)
		-- we can filter here
		-- if we return false, the call is abortet
		if dcsCommon.verbose then
			trigger.action.outText("event " .. e.id .. " received: PRE-PROCESSING", 10)
		end
		return true;
	end;

	function dcsCommon.postCall(e)
		-- we do pos proccing here 
		if dcsCommon.verbose then
			trigger.action.outText("event " .. e.id .. " received: post proc", 10)
		end
	end
	
	-- highly specific eventhandler for one event only
	-- based on above, with direct filtering built in; skips pre
	-- but does post
	function dcsCommon.addEventHandlerForEventTypes(f, evTypes, post, rejected) -- returns ID 
		local handler = {} -- build a wrapper and connect the onEvent
		dcsCommon.cbID = dcsCommon.cbID + 1 -- increment unique count
		handler.id = dcsCommon.cbID
		handler.what = evTypes
		if (rejected) then handler.rejected = rejected end 
		
		handler.f = f -- set the callback itself
		-- now set up post-processor. pre is hard-coded to match evType
		-- post is optional. If event.id is not in evTypes, the callback will
		-- not be invoked
		if (post) then handler.post = post else handler.post = dcsCommon.postCall end
		function handler:onEvent(event)
			hasMatch = false;
			for key, evType in pairs(self.what) do
				if evType == event.id then
					hasMatch = true;
					break;
				end;
			end;
			if not hasMatch then 
				if dcsCommon.verbose then
					trigger.action.outText("event " .. e.id .. " discarded - not in whitelist evTypes", 10)
				end
				if (self.rejected) then self.rejected(event) end 
				return;
			end;
			
			self.f(event) -- call the actual handler as passed to us
			self.post(event) -- do post-processing 
		end
		world.addEventHandler(handler) -- add to event handlers
		return handler.id
	end
	
	
	
	-- remove event handler / callback, identical to Mist 
	-- note we don't call world.removeEventHandler, but rather directly 
	-- access world.eventHandlers directly and remove kvp directly.
	function dcsCommon.removeEventHandler(id)
		for key, handler in pairs(world.eventHandlers) do
			if handler.id and handler.id == id then
				world.eventHandlers[key] = nil
				return true
			end
		end
		return false
	end

--
--
-- C L O N I N G 
--
--
	-- topClone is a shallow clone of orig, only top level is iterated,
	-- all values are ref-copied
	function dcsCommon.topClone(orig)
		if not orig then return nil end 
		local orig_type = type(orig)
		local copy
		if orig_type == 'table' then
			copy = {}
			for orig_key, orig_value in pairs(orig) do
				copy[orig_key] = orig_value
			end
		else -- number, string, boolean, etc
			copy = orig
		end
		return copy
	end

	-- clone is a recursive clone which will also clone
	-- deeper levels, as used in units 
	function dcsCommon.clone(orig, stripMeta)
		if not orig then return nil end 
		local orig_type = type(orig)
		local copy
		if orig_type == 'table' then
			copy = {}
			for orig_key, orig_value in next, orig, nil do
				copy[dcsCommon.clone(orig_key)] = dcsCommon.clone(orig_value)
			end
			if not stripMeta then 
				-- also connect meta data
				setmetatable(copy, dcsCommon.clone(getmetatable(orig)))
			else 
				-- strip all except string, and for strings use a fresh string 
				if type(copy) == "string" then 
					local tmp = ""
					tmp = tmp .. copy -- will get rid of any foreign metas for string 
					copy = tmp 
				end
			end
		else -- number, string, boolean, etc
			copy = orig
		end
		return copy
	end

	function dcsCommon.copyArray(inArray)
		if not inArray then return nil end 
		
		-- warning: this is a ref copy!
		local theCopy = {}
		for idx, element in pairs(inArray) do 
			table.insert(theCopy, element)
		end
		return theCopy 
	end
--
-- 
-- S P A W N I N G 
-- 
-- 

	function dcsCommon.createEmptyGroundGroupData (name)
		local theGroup = {} -- empty group
		theGroup.visible = false
		theGroup.taskSelected = true
		-- theGroup.route = {}
		-- theGroup.groupId = id
		theGroup.tasks = {}
		-- theGroup.hidden = false -- hidden on f10?

		theGroup.units = { } -- insert units here! -- use addUnitToGroupData

		theGroup.x = 0
		theGroup.y = 0
		theGroup.name = name
		-- theGroup.start_time = 0
		theGroup.task = "Ground Nothing"
		
		return theGroup
	end;

	function dcsCommon.createEmptyAircraftGroupData (name)
		local theGroup = dcsCommon.createEmptyGroundGroupData(name)--{} -- empty group

		theGroup.task = "Nothing" -- can be others, like Transport, CAS, etc
		-- returns with empty route
		theGroup.route = dcsCommon.createEmptyAircraftRouteData() -- we can add points here 
		return theGroup
	end;

	function dcsCommon.createAircraftRoutePointData(x, z, altitudeInFeet, knots, altType, action)
		local rp = {}
		rp.x = x
		rp.y = z
		rp.action = "Turning Point"
		rp.type = "Turning Point"
		if action then rp.action = action; rp.type = action end -- warning: may not be correct, need to verify later
		rp.alt = altitudeInFeet * 0.3048
		rp.speed = knots * 0.514444 -- we use 
		rp.alt_type = "BARO"
		if (altType) then rp.alt_type = altType end 
		return rp
	end

	function dcsCommon.addRoutePointDataToRouteData(inRoute, x, z, altitudeInFeet, knots, altType, action)
		local p = dcsCommon.createAircraftRoutePointData(x, z, altitudeInFeet, knots, altType, action)
		local thePoints = inRoute.points 
		table.insert(thePoints, p)
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.addRoutePointDataToGroupData(group, x, z, altitudeInFeet, knots, altType, action)
		if not group.route then group.route = dcsCommon.createEmptyAircraftRouteData() end
		local theRoute = group.route 
		dcsCommon.addRoutePointDataToRouteData(theRoute, x, z, altitudeInFeet, knots, altType, action)
	end

	function dcsCommon.addRoutePointForGroupData(theGroup, theRP)
		if not theGroup then return end 
		if not theGroup.route then theGroup.route = dcsCommon.createEmptyAircraftRouteData() end
		
		local theRoute = theGroup.route 
		local thePoints = theRoute.points 
		table.insert(thePoints, theRP)
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.createEmptyAircraftRouteData()
		local route = {}
		route.points = {}
		return route
	end

	function dcsCommon.createTakeOffFromParkingRoutePointData(aerodrome)
		if not aerodrome then return nil end 
			
		local rp = {}	
		local freeParkingSlot = dcsCommon.getFirstFreeParkingSlot(aerodrome, 104) -- get big slot first 
		if not freeParkingSlot then 
			freeParkingSlot = dcsCommon.getFirstFreeParkingSlot(aerodrome) -- try any size
		end
			
		if not freeParkingSlot then 
			trigger.action.outText("civA: no free parking at " .. aerodrome:getName(), 30)
			return nil 
		end
			
		local p = freeParkingSlot.vTerminalPos
			
		rp.airdromeId = aerodrome:getID() 
		rp.x = p.x
		rp.y = p.z
		rp.alt = p.y 
		rp.action = "From Parking Area"
		rp.type = "TakeOffParking"
			
		rp.speed = 100; -- in m/s? If so, that's 360 km/h 
		rp.alt_type = "BARO"
		return rp
	end

	function dcsCommon.createOverheadAirdromeRoutePointData(aerodrome)
		if not aerodrome then return nil end 
		local rp = {}			
		local p = aerodrome:getPoint()
		rp.x = p.x
		rp.y = p.z
		rp.alt = p.y + 2000 -- 6000 ft overhead
		rp.action = "Turning Point"
		rp.type = "Turning Point"
			
		rp.speed = 133; -- in m/s? If so, that's 360 km/h 
		rp.alt_type = "BARO"
		return rp
	end
	function dcsCommon.createOverheadAirdromeRoutPintData(aerodrome) -- backwards-compat to typo 
		return dcsCommon.createOverheadAirdromeRoutePointData(aerodrome)
	end 
	

	function dcsCommon.createLandAtAerodromeRoutePointData(aerodrome)
		if not aerodrome then return nil end 
			
		local rp = {}			
		local p = aerodrome:getPoint()
		rp.airdromeId = aerodrome:getID() 
		rp.x = p.x
		rp.y = p.z
		rp.alt = land.getHeight({x=p.x, y=p.z}) --p.y 
		rp.action = "Landing"
		rp.type = "Land"
			
		rp.speed = 100; -- in m/s? If so, that's 360 km/h 
		rp.alt_type = "BARO"
		return rp
	end

	function dcsCommon.createSimpleRoutePointData(p, alt)
		if not alt then alt = 8000 end -- 24'000 feet 
		local rp = {}
		rp.x = p.x
		rp.y = p.z
		rp.alt = alt
		rp.action = "Turning Point"
		rp.type = "Turning Point"
			
		rp.speed = 133; -- in m/s? If so, that's 360 km/h 
		rp.alt_type = "BARO"
		return rp
	end 
	
	function dcsCommon.createRPFormationData(findex) -- must be added as "task" to an RP. use 4 for Echelon right
		local task = {}
		task.id = "ComboTask"
		local params = {}
		task.params = params
		local tasks = {}
		params.tasks = tasks
		local t1 = {}
		tasks[1] = t1
		t1.number = 1
		t1.auto = false 
		t1.id = "WrappedAction"
		t1.enabled = true
		local t1p = {}
		t1.params = t1p
		local action = {}
		t1p.action = action 
		action.id = "Option"
		local ap = {}
		action.params = ap
		ap.variantIndex = 3
		ap.name = 5 -- AI.Option.Air.ID 5 = Formation 
		ap.formationIndex = findex -- 4 is echelon_right
		ap.value = 262147
		
		return task 
	end

	function dcsCommon.addTaskDataToRP(theTask, theGroup, rpIndex)
		local theRoute = theGroup.route
		local thePoints = theRoute.points
		local rp = thePoints[rpIndex]
		rp.task = theTask
	end
	
	-- create a minimal payload table that is compatible with creating 
	-- a unit. you may need to alter this before adding the unit to
	-- the mission. all params optional 
	function dcsCommon.createPayload(fuel, flare, chaff, gun) 
		local payload = {}
		payload.pylons = {}
		if not fuel then fuel = 1000 end -- in kg. check against fuelMassMax in type desc
		if not flare then flare = 0 end
		if not chaff then chaff = 0 end
		if not gun then gun = 0 end
		return payload 
		
	end

	function dcsCommon.createCallsign(cs) 
		local callsign = {}
		callsign[1] = 1
		callsign[2] = 1
		callsign[3] = 1
		if not cs then cs = "Enfield11" end
		callsign.name = cs
		return callsign
	end
	

	-- create the data table required to spawn a unit.
	-- unit types are defined in https://github.com/mrSkortch/DCS-miscScripts/tree/master/ObjectDB
	function dcsCommon.createGroundUnitData(name, unitType, transportable)
		local theUnit = {}
		unitType = dcsCommon.trim(unitType)
		theUnit.type = unitType -- e.g. "LAV-25",
		if not transportable then transportable = false end -- elaborate, not requried code
		theUnit.transportable = {["randomTransportable"] = transportable} 
		-- theUnit.unitId = id 
		theUnit.skill = "Average" -- always average 
		theUnit.x = 0 -- make it zero, zero!
		theUnit.y = 0
		theUnit.name = name
		theUnit.playerCanDrive = false
		theUnit.heading = 0
		return theUnit
	end 

	function dcsCommon.createAircraftUnitData(name, unitType, transportable, altitude, speed, heading)
		local theAirUnit = dcsCommon.createGroundUnitData(name, unitType, transportable)
		theAirUnit.alt = 100 -- make it 100m
		if altitude then theAirUnit.alt = altitude end 
		theAirUnit.alt_type = "RADIO" -- AGL
		theAirUnit.speed = 77 -- m/s --> 150 knots
		if speed then theAirUnit.speed = speed end 
		if heading then theAirUnit.heading = heading end 
		theAirUnit.payload = dcsCommon.createPayload()
		theAirUnit.callsign = dcsCommon.createCallsign()
		return theAirUnit
	end
	

	function dcsCommon.addUnitToGroupData(theUnit, theGroup, dx, dy, heading)
		-- add a unit to a group, and place it at dx, dy of group's position,
		-- taking into account unit's own current location
		if not dx then dx = 0 end
		if not dy then dy = 0 end
		if not heading then heading = 0 end
		theUnit.x = theUnit.x + dx + theGroup.x
		theUnit.y = theUnit.y + dy + theGroup.y 
		theUnit.heading = heading
		table.insert(theGroup.units, theUnit)
	end;

	function dcsCommon.createSingleUnitGroup(name, theUnitType, x, z, heading) 
		-- create the container 
		local theNewGroup = dcsCommon.createEmptyGroundGroupData(name)
		local aUnit = {}
		aUnit = dcsCommon.createGroundUnitData(name .. "-1", theUnitType, false)
--		trigger.action.outText("dcsCommon - unit name retval " .. aUnit.name, 30)
		dcsCommon.addUnitToGroupData(aUnit, theNewGroup, x, z, heading)
		return theNewGroup
	end
	

	function dcsCommon.arrangeGroupDataIntoFormation(theNewGroup, radius, minDist, formation, innerRadius)
		-- formations:
		--    (default) "line" (left to right along x) -- that is Y direction
		--    "line_v" a line top to bottom -- that is X direction
		--    "chevron" - left to right middle too top
		--    "scattered", "random" -- random, innerRadius used to clear area in center
		-- 	  "circle", "circle_forward" -- circle, forward facing
		--    "circle_in" -- circle, inwarf facing
		--    "circle_out" -- circle, outward facing
		--    "grid", "square", "rect" -- optimal rectangle
		--    "2cols", "2deep" -- 2 columns, n deep 
		--    "2wide" -- 2 columns wide, 2 deep 

		local num = #theNewGroup.units 
		
		-- now do the formation stuff
		-- make sure that they keep minimum  distance 
--		trigger.action.outText("dcsCommon - processing formation " .. formation .. " with radius = " .. radius, 30)
		if formation == "LINE_V" then 
			-- top to bottom in zone (heding 0). -- will run through x-coordinate 
			-- use entire radius top to bottom 
			local currX = -radius
			local increment = radius * 2/(num - 1) -- MUST NOT TRY WITH 1 UNIT!
			for i=1, num do
			
				local u = theNewGroup.units[i]
--				trigger.action.outText("formation unit " .. u.name .. " currX = " .. currX, 30)
				u.x = currX
				currX = currX + increment
			end
		
		elseif formation == "LINE" then 
			-- left to right in zone. runs through Y
			-- left and right are y because at heading 0, forward is x (not y as expected)
			-- if only one, place in middle of circle and be done 
			if num == 1 then 
				-- nothing. just stay in the middle 
			else 
				local currY = -radius
				local increment = radius * 2/(num - 1) -- MUST NOT TRY WITH 1 UNIT!
				for i=1, num do
					local u = theNewGroup.units[i]
--					trigger.action.outText("formation unit " .. u.name .. " currX = " .. currY, 30)
					u.y = currY
					currY = currY + increment
				end	
			end 
			
		elseif formation == "CHEVRON" then 
			-- left to right in zone. runs through Y
			-- left and right are y because at heading 0, forward is x (not y as expected)
			local currY = -radius
			local currX = 0
			local incrementY = radius * 2/(num - 1) -- MUST NOT TRY WITH 1 UNIT!
			local incrementX = radius * 2/(num - 1) -- MUST NOT TRY WITH 1 UNIT!
			for i=1, num do
				local u = theNewGroup.units[i]
--				trigger.action.outText("formation unit " .. u.name .. " currX = " .. currX .. " currY = " .. currY, 30)
				u.x = currX
				u.y = currY
				-- calc coords for NEXT iteration
				currY = currY + incrementY -- march left to right
				if i < num / 2 then -- march up
					currX = currX + incrementX 
				elseif i == num / 2 then -- even number, keep height
					currX = currX + 0 
				else 
					currX = currX - incrementX -- march down 
				end 
				-- note: when unit number even, the wedge is sloped. may need an odd/even test for better looks
			end	

		elseif formation == "SCATTERED" or formation == "RANDOM" then 
			-- use randomPointInCircle and tehn iterate over all vehicles for mindelta
			processedUnits = {}
			for i=1, num do
				local emergencyBreak = 1 -- prevent endless loop
				local lowDist = 10000
				local uPoint = {}
				local thePoint = {}
				repeat 	-- get random point until mindistance to all is kept or emergencybreak
					thePoint = dcsCommon.randomPointInCircle(radius, innerRadius) -- returns x, 0, z
					-- check if too close to others
					for idx, rUnit in pairs(processedUnits) do -- get min dist to all positioned units
						--trigger.action.outText("rPnt: thePoint =  " .. dcsCommon.point2text(thePoint), 30)
						uPoint.x = rUnit.x
						uPoint.y = 0
						uPoint.z = rUnit.y 
						--trigger.action.outText("rPnt: uPoint =  " .. dcsCommon.point2text(uPoint), 30)
						local dist = dcsCommon.dist(thePoint, uPoint) -- measure distance to unit
						if (dist < lowDist) then lowDist = dist end
					end
					emergencyBreak = emergencyBreak + 1
				until (emergencyBreak > 20) or (lowDist > minDist)
				-- we have random x, y 
				local u = theNewGroup.units[i] -- get unit to position
				u.x = thePoint.x
				u.y = thePoint.z -- z --> y mapping! 
				-- now add the unit to the 'processed' set 
				table.insert(processedUnits, u)
			end	

		elseif dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(formation, "CIRCLE") then
			-- units are arranged on perimeter of circle defined by radius 
--			trigger.action.outText("formation circle detected", 30)
			local currAngle = 0
			local angleInc = 2 * 3.14157 / num -- increase per spoke 
			for i=1, num do
				local u = theNewGroup.units[i] -- get unit 
				u.x = radius * math.cos(currAngle)
				u.y = radius * math.sin(currAngle)
				
				-- now baldower out heading 
				-- circle, circle_forward no modifier of heading
				if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(formation, "CIRCLE_IN") then 
					-- make the heading inward faceing - that's angle + pi
					u.heading = u.heading + currAngle + 3.14157
				elseif dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(formation, "CIRCLE_OUT") then 
					u.heading = u.heading + currAngle + 0
				end

				currAngle = currAngle + angleInc
			end
		elseif formation == "GRID" or formation == "SQUARE" or formation == "RECT" then 
			if num < 2 then return end 
			-- arrange units in an w x h grid
			-- e-g- 12 units = 4 x 3. 
			-- calculate w 
			local w = math.floor(num^(0.5) + 0.5)
			dcsCommon.arrangeGroupInNColumns(theNewGroup, w, radius)
			--[[--
			local h = math.floor(num / w)
			--trigger.action.outText("AdcsC: num=" .. num .. " w=" .. w .. "h=" .. h .. " -- num%w=" .. num%w, 30)
			if (num % w) > 0 then 
				h = h + 1
			end
			
			--trigger.action.outText("BdcsC: num=" .. num .. " w=" .. w .. "h=" .. h, 30)
			
			-- now w * h always >= num and num items fir in that grid
			-- w is width, h is height, of course :) 
			-- now calculat xInc and yInc
			local i = 1
			local xInc = 0 
			if w > 1 then xInc = 2 * radius / (w-1) end
			local yInc = 0
			if h > 1 then yInc = 2 * radius / (h-1) end 
			local currY = radius 
			if h < 2 then currY = 0 end -- special:_ place in Y middle if only one row)
			while h > 0 do 
				local currX = radius 
				local wCnt = w 
				while wCnt > 0 and (i <= num) do 
					local u = theNewGroup.units[i] -- get unit 
					u.x = currX
					u.y = currY
					currX = currX - xInc
					wCnt = wCnt - 1
					i = i + 1
				end
				currY = currY - yInc 
				h = h - 1
			end
			--]]--
		elseif formation == "2DEEP" or formation == "2COLS" then
			if num < 2 then return end 
			-- arrange units in an 2 x h grid
			local w = 2
			dcsCommon.arrangeGroupInNColumnsDeep(theNewGroup, w, radius)

		elseif formation == "2WIDE" then
			if num < 2 then return end 
			-- arrange units in an 2 x h grid
			local w = 2
			dcsCommon.arrangeGroupInNColumns(theNewGroup, w, radius)
		else 
			trigger.action.outText("dcsCommon - unknown formation: " .. formation, 30)
		end
	
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.arrangeGroupInNColumns(theNewGroup, w, radius)
		local num = #theNewGroup.units
		local h = math.floor(num / w)
		if (num % w) > 0 then 
			h = h + 1
		end
		local i = 1
		local xInc = 0 
		if w > 1 then xInc = 2 * radius / (w-1) end
		local yInc = 0
		if h > 1 then yInc = 2 * radius / (h-1) end 
		local currY = radius 
		if h < 2 then currY = 0 end -- special:_ place in Y middle if only one row)
		while h > 0 do 
			local currX = radius 
			local wCnt = w 
			while wCnt > 0 and (i <= num) do 
				local u = theNewGroup.units[i] -- get unit 
				u.x = currX
				u.y = currY
				currX = currX - xInc
				wCnt = wCnt - 1
				i = i + 1
			end
			currY = currY - yInc 
			h = h - 1
		end
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.arrangeGroupInNColumnsDeep(theNewGroup, w, radius)
		local num = #theNewGroup.units
		local h = math.floor(num / w)
		if (num % w) > 0 then 
			h = h + 1
		end
		local i = 1
		local yInc = 0 
		if w > 1 then yInc = 2 * radius / (w-1) end
		local xInc = 0
		if h > 1 then xInc = 2 * radius / (h-1) end 
		local currX = radius 
		if h < 2 then currX = 0 end -- special:_ place in Y middle if only one row)
		while h > 0 do 
			local currY = radius 
			local wCnt = w 
			while wCnt > 0 and (i <= num) do 
				local u = theNewGroup.units[i] -- get unit 
				u.x = currX
				u.y = currY
				currY = currY - yInc
				wCnt = wCnt - 1
				i = i + 1
			end
			currX = currX - xInc 
			h = h - 1
		end
	end
	
	
	function dcsCommon.createGroundGroupWithUnits(name, theUnitTypes, radius, minDist, formation, innerRadius)
		if not minDist then minDist = 4 end -- meters
		if not formation then formation = "line" end 
		if not radius then radius = 30 end -- meters 
		if not innerRadius then innerRadius = 0 end
		formation = formation:upper()
		-- theUnitTypes can be either a single string or a table of strings
		-- see here for TypeName https://github.com/mrSkortch/DCS-miscScripts/tree/master/ObjectDB
		-- formation defines how the units are going to be arranged in the
		-- formation specified. 
		-- formations:
		--    (default) "line" (left to right along x) -- that is Y direction
		--    "line_V" a line top to bottom -- that is X direction
		--    "chevron" - left to right middle too top
		--    "scattered", "random" -- random, innerRadius used to clear area in center
		-- 	  "circle", "circle_forward" -- circle, forward facing
		--    "circle_in" -- circle, inwarf facing
		--    "circle_out" -- circle, outward facing

		-- first, we create a group
		local theNewGroup = dcsCommon.createEmptyGroundGroupData(name)
		
		-- now add a single unit or multiple units
		if type(theUnitTypes) ~= "table" then 
--			trigger.action.outText("dcsCommon - i am here", 30)
--			trigger.action.outText("dcsCommon - name " .. name, 30)
--			trigger.action.outText("dcsCommon - unit type " .. theUnitTypes, 30)
			
			local aUnit = {}
			aUnit = dcsCommon.createGroundUnitData(name .. "-1", theUnitTypes, false)
--			trigger.action.outText("dcsCommon - unit name retval " .. aUnit.name, 30)
			dcsCommon.addUnitToGroupData(aUnit, theNewGroup, 0, 0) -- create with data at location (0,0)
			return theNewGroup
		end 

		-- if we get here, theUnitTypes is a table
		-- now loop and create a unit for each table
		local num = 1
		for key, theType in pairs(theUnitTypes) do 
			-- trigger.action.outText("+++dcsC: creating unit " .. name .. "-" .. num .. ": " .. theType, 30)
			local aUnit = dcsCommon.createGroundUnitData(name .. "-"..num, theType, false)
			dcsCommon.addUnitToGroupData(aUnit, theNewGroup, 0, 0)
			num = num + 1
		end
		
		dcsCommon.arrangeGroupDataIntoFormation(theNewGroup, radius, minDist, formation, innerRadius)
		return theNewGroup

	
	end

-- create a new group, based on group in mission. Groups coords are 0,0 for group and all
-- x,y and heading
	function dcsCommon.createGroupDataFromLiveGroup(name, newName) 
		if not newName then newName = dcsCommon.uuid("uniqName") end
		-- get access to the group
		local liveGroup = Group.getByName(name)
		if not liveGroup then return nil end
		-- get the categorty
		local cat = liveGroup:getCategory()
		local theNewGroup = {}
		
		-- create a new empty group at (0,0) 
		if cat == Group.Category.AIRPLANE or cat == Group.Category.HELICOPTER then 
			theNewGroup = dcsCommon.createEmptyAircraftGroupData(newName)
		elseif cat == Group.Category.GROUND then
			theNewGroup = dcsCommon.createEmptyGroudGroupData(newName)
		else 
			trigger.action.outText("dcsCommon - unknown category: " .. cat, 30)
			return nil
		end
		

		-- now get all units from live group and create data units
		-- note that unit data for group has x=0, y=0
		liveUnits = liveGroup:getUnits()
		
		for index, theUnit in pairs(liveUnits) do 
			-- for each unit we get the desc 
			local desc = theUnit:getDesc() -- of interest is only typename 
			local newUnit = dcsCommon.createGroundUnitData(dcsCommon.uuid(newName),
														   desc.typeName,
														   false)
			-- we now basically have a ground unit at (0,0) 
			-- add mandatory fields by type
			if cat == Group.Category.AIRPLANE or cat == Group.Category.HELICOPTER then 
				newUnit.alt = 100 -- make it 100m
				newUnit.alt_type = "RADIO" -- AGL
				newUnit.speed = 77 -- m/s --> 150 knots
				newUnit.payload = dcsCommon.createPayload() -- empty payload
				newUnit.callsign = dcsCommon.createCallsign() -- 'enfield11'
				
			elseif cat == Group.Category.GROUND then
				-- we got all we need
			else 
				-- trigger.action.outText("dcsCommon - unknown category: " .. cat, 30)
				-- return nil
				-- we also got all we need
			end			
			
		end
	
	end;
	
	function dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundOriginRad(inX, inY, angle) -- angle in degrees
		local c = math.cos(angle)
		local s = math.sin(angle)
		local px
		local py 
		px = inX * c - inY * s
		py = inX * s + inY * c
		return px, py		
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundOrigin(inX, inY, angle) -- angle in degrees
		local rads =  3.14152 / 180 -- convert to radiants. 
		angle = angle * rads -- turns into rads
		local px, py = dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundOriginRad(inX, inY, angle)
		return px, py		
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundPointRad(x, y, px, py, angle)
		x = x - px 
		y = y - py
		x, y = dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundOriginRad(x, y, angle)
		x = x + px 
		y = y + py 
		return x, y
	end

	function dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundPointDeg(x, y, px, py, degrees)
		x, y = dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundPointRad(x, y, px, py, degrees * 3.14152 / 180)
		return x, y
	end

	-- rotates a Vec3-base inPoly on XZ pane around inPoint on XZ pane
 	function dcsCommon.rotatePoly3AroundVec3Rad(inPoly, inPoint, rads)
		local outPoly = {}
		for idx, aVertex in pairs(inPoly) do 
			local x, z = dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundPointRad(aVertex.x, aVertex.z, inPoint.x, inPoint.z, rads)		
			local v3 = {x = x, y = aVertex.y, z = z}
			outPoly[idx] = v3
		end 
		return outPoly 
	end

	function dcsCommon.rotateUnitData(theUnit, degrees, cx, cz)
		if not cx then cx = 0 end
		if not cz then cz = 0 end
		local cy = cz 
		--trigger.action.outText("+++dcsC:rotGrp cy,cy = "..cx .. "," .. cy, 30)
		
		local rads = degrees *  3.14152 / 180
		do
			theUnit.x = theUnit.x - cx -- MOVE TO ORIGIN OF ROTATION
			theUnit.y = theUnit.y - cy 				
			theUnit.x, theUnit.y = dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundOrigin(theUnit.x, theUnit.y, degrees)
			theUnit.x = theUnit.x + cx -- MOVE BACK 
			theUnit.y = theUnit.y + cy 				

			-- may also want to increase heading by degrees
			theUnit.heading = theUnit.heading + rads 
		end
	end
	

	function dcsCommon.rotateGroupData(theGroup, degrees, cx, cz)
		if not cx then cx = 0 end
		if not cz then cz = 0 end
		local cy = cz 
		--trigger.action.outText("+++dcsC:rotGrp cy,cy = "..cx .. "," .. cy, 30)
		
		local rads = degrees *  3.14152 / 180
		-- turns all units in group around the group's center by degrees.
		-- may also need to turn individual units by same amount
		for i, theUnit in pairs (theGroup.units) do
			theUnit.x = theUnit.x - cx -- MOVE TO ORIGIN OF ROTATION
			theUnit.y = theUnit.y - cy 				
			theUnit.x, theUnit.y = dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundOrigin(theUnit.x, theUnit.y, degrees)
			theUnit.x = theUnit.x + cx -- MOVE BACK 
			theUnit.y = theUnit.y + cy 				

			-- may also want to increase heading by degrees
			theUnit.heading = theUnit.heading + rads 
			-- now kill psi if it existed before 
			-- theUnit.psi = nil
			-- better code: psi is always -heading. Nobody knows what psi is, though
			if theUnit.psi then 
				theUnit.psi = -theUnit.heading 
			end
		end
	end

	function dcsCommon.offsetGroupData(theGroup, dx, dy)
		-- add dx and dy to group's and all unit's coords
		for i, theUnit in pairs (theGroup.units) do 
			theUnit.x = theUnit.x + dx
			theUnit.y = theUnit.y + dy
		end
		
		theGroup.x = theGroup.x + dx
		theGroup.y = theGroup.y + dy 
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.moveGroupDataTo(theGroup, xAbs, yAbs)
		local dx = xAbs-theGroup.x
		local dy = yAbs-theGroup.y
		dcsCommon.offsetGroupData(theGroup, dx, dy)
	end
	
	-- static objectr shapes and types are defined here
	-- https://github.com/mrSkortch/DCS-miscScripts/tree/master/ObjectDB/Statics
	
	function dcsCommon.createStaticObjectData(name, objType, heading, dead, cargo, mass)
		local staticObj = {}
		if not heading then heading = 0 end 
		if not dead then dead = false end 
		if not cargo then cargo = false end 
		objType = dcsCommon.trim(objType) 
		
		staticObj.heading = heading
		-- staticObj.groupId = 0
		-- staticObj.shape_name = shape -- e.g. H-Windsock_RW
		staticObj.type = objType  -- e.g. Windsock
		-- ["unitId"] = 3,
		staticObj.rate = 1 -- score when killed
		staticObj.name = name
		-- staticObj.category = "Fortifications",
		staticObj.y = 0
		staticObj.x = 0
		staticObj.dead = dead
		staticObj.canCargo = cargo -- to cargo
		if cargo then 
			if not mass then mass = 1234 end 
			staticObj.mass = mass -- to cargo
		end
		return staticObj
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.createStaticObjectDataAt(loc, name, objType, heading, dead)
		local theData = dcsCommon.createStaticObjectData(name, objType, heading, dead)
		theData.x = loc.x
		theData.y = loc.z 
		return theData
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.createStaticObjectForCoalitionAtLocation(theCoalition, loc, name, objType, heading, dead) 
		if not heading then heading = math.random(360) * 3.1415 / 180 end
		local theData = dcsCommon.createStaticObjectDataAt(loc, name, objType, heading, dead)
		local theStatic = coalition.addStaticObject(theCoalition, theData)
		return theStatic
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.createStaticObjectForCoalitionInRandomRing(theCoalition, objType, x, z, innerRadius, outerRadius, heading, alive) 
		if not outerRadius then outerRadius = innerRadius end
		if not heading then heading = math.random(360) * 3.1415 / 180 end
		local dead = not alive
		local p = dcsCommon.randomPointInCircle(outerRadius, innerRadius, x, z)
		local theData = dcsCommon.createStaticObjectData(dcsCommon.uuid("static"), objType, heading, dead)
		theData.x = p.x
		theData.y = p.z 
		
		local theStatic = coalition.addStaticObject(theCoalition, theData)
		return theStatic
	end
	
	
	
	function dcsCommon.linkStaticDataToUnit(theStatic, theUnit, dx, dy, heading)
		if not theStatic then 
			trigger.action.OutText("+++dcsC: NIL theStatic on linkStatic!", 30)
			return 
		end
		-- NOTE: we may get current heading and subtract/add 
		-- to original heading 
		local rotX, rotY = dcsCommon.rotatePointAroundOrigin(dx, dy, -heading)
		
		if not theUnit then return end
		if not theUnit:isExist() then return end 
		theStatic.linkOffset = true 
		theStatic.linkUnit = theUnit:getID()
		local unitPos = theUnit:getPoint()
		local offsets = {}
		offsets.x = rotX  
		offsets.y = rotY 
		offsets.angle = 0
		theStatic.offsets = offsets
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.offsetStaticData(theStatic, dx, dy)
		theStatic.x = theStatic.x + dx
		theStatic.y = theStatic.y + dy
		-- now check if thre is a route (for linked objects)
		if theStatic.route then 
			-- access points[1] x and y and copy from main
			theStatic.route.points[1].x = theStatic.x
			theStatic.route.points[1].y = theStatic.y
		end
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.moveStaticDataTo(theStatic, x, y)
		theStatic.x = x
		theStatic.y = y
		-- now check if thre is a route (for linked objects)
		if theStatic.route then 
			-- access points[1] x and y and copy from main
			theStatic.route.points[1].x = theStatic.x
			theStatic.route.points[1].y = theStatic.y
		end

	end

function dcsCommon.synchGroupData(inGroupData) -- update group data block by 
-- comparing it to spawned group and update units by x, y, heding and isExist 
-- modifies inGroupData!
	if not inGroupData then return end 
	-- groupdata from game, NOT MX DATA!
	-- we synch the units and their coords 
	local livingUnits = {}
	for idx, unitData in pairs(inGroupData.units) do 
		local theUnit = Unit.getByName(unitData.name)
		if theUnit and theUnit:isExist() and theUnit:getLife()>1 then 
			-- update x and y and heading
			local pos = theUnit:getPoint()
			unitData.unitId = theUnit:getID()
			unitData.x = pos.x 
			unitData.y = pos.z -- !!!!
			unitData.heading = dcsCommon.getUnitHeading(gUnit)
			table.insert(livingUnits, unitData)
		end
	end
	inGroupData.units = livingUnits 
end

--
--
-- M I S C   M E T H O D S 
--
--

-- as arrayContainsString, except it includes wildcard matches if EITHER 
-- ends on "*"
	function dcsCommon.wildArrayContainsString(theArray, theString, caseSensitive) 
		if not theArray then return false end
		if not theString then return false end
		if not caseSensitive then caseSensitive = false end 
		if type(theArray) ~= "table" then 
			trigger.action.outText("***arrayContainsString: theArray is not type table but <" .. type(theArray) .. ">", 30)
		end
		if not caseSensitive then theString = string.upper(theString) end 
		
		--trigger.action.outText("wildACS: theString = <" .. theString .. ">, theArray contains <" .. #theArray .. "> elements", 30)
		local wildIn = dcsCommon.stringEndsWith(theString, "*")
		if wildIn then dcsCommon.removeEnding(theString, "*") end 
		for idx, theElement in pairs(theArray) do -- i = 1, #theArray do 
			--local theElement = theArray[i]
			--trigger.action.outText("test e <" .. theElement .. "> against s <" .. theString .. ">", 30)
			if not caseSensitive then theElement = string.upper(theElement) end 
			local wildEle = dcsCommon.stringEndsWith(theElement, "*")
			if wildEle then theElement = dcsCommon.removeEnding(theElement, "*") end 
			--trigger.action.outText("matching s=<" .. theString .. "> with e=<" .. theElement .. ">", 30)
			if wildEle and wildIn then 
				-- both end on wildcards, partial match for both
				if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(theElement, theString) then return true end 
				if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(theString, theElement) then return true end 
				--trigger.action.outText("match e* with s* failed.", 30)
			elseif wildEle then 
				-- Element is a wildcard, partial match 
				if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(theString, theElement) then return true end
				--trigger.action.outText("startswith - match e* <" .. theElement .. "> with s <" .. theString .. "> failed.", 30)
			elseif wildIn then
				-- theString is a wildcard. partial match 
				if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(theElement, theString) then return true end
				--trigger.action.outText("match e with s* failed.", 30)
			else
				-- standard: no wildcards, full match
				if theElement == theString then return true end 
				--trigger.action.outText("match e with s (straight) failed.", 30)
			end
			
		end
		return false 
	end


	function dcsCommon.arrayContainsString(theArray, theString) 
		if not theArray then return false end
		if not theString then return false end
		if type(theArray) ~= "table" then 
			trigger.action.outText("***arrayContainsString: theArray is not type table but <" .. type(theArray) .. ">", 30)
		end
		for i = 1, #theArray do 
			if theArray[i] == theString then return true end 
		end
		return false 
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.splitString(inputstr, sep) 
        if sep == nil then
            sep = "%s"
        end
		if inputstr == nil then 
			inputstr = ""
		end
		
        local t={}
        for str in string.gmatch(inputstr, "([^"..sep.."]+)") do
			table.insert(t, str)
        end
        return t
	
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.trimFront(inputstr) 
		if not inputstr then return nil end 
		local s = inputstr
		while string.len(s) > 1 and string.sub(s, 1, 1) == " " do 
			local snew = string.sub(s, 2) -- all except first
			s = snew
		end
		return s
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.trimBack(inputstr)
		if not inputstr then return nil end 
		local s = inputstr
		while string.len(s) > 1 and string.sub(s, -1) == " " do 
			local snew = string.sub(s, 1, -2) -- all except last
			s = snew
		end
		return s
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.trim(inputstr) 
		local t1 = dcsCommon.trimFront(inputstr)
		local t2 = dcsCommon.trimBack(t1)
		return t2
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.trimArray(theArray)
		local trimmedArray = {}
		for idx, element in pairs(theArray) do 
			local tel = dcsCommon.trim(element)
			table.insert(trimmedArray, tel)
		end
		return trimmedArray
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.string2Array(inString, deli, uCase)
		if not inString then return {} end 
		if not deli then return {} end 
		if not uCase then uCase = false end
		if uCase then inString = string.upper(inString) end
		inString = dcsCommon.trim(inString)
		if dcsCommon.containsString(inString, deli) then 
			local a = dcsCommon.splitString(inString, deli)
			a = dcsCommon.trimArray(a)
			return a 
		else 
			return {inString}
		end
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.array2string(inArray, deli)
		if not deli then deli = ", " end
		if type(inArray) ~= "table" then return "<err in array2string: not an array>" end
		local s = ""
		local count = 0
		for idx, ele in pairs(inArray) do
			if count > 0 then s = s .. deli .. " " end
			s = s .. ele
			count = count + 1
		end
		return s
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.stripLF(theString)
		return theString:gsub("[\r\n]", "")
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.removeBlanks(theString)
		return theString:gsub("%s", "")
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.stringIsPositiveNumber(theString)
		-- only full integer positive numbers supported 
		if not theString then return false end 
--		if theString == "" then return false end 
		for i = 1, #theString do 
			local c = theString:sub(i,i)
			if c < "0" or c > "9" then return false end 
		end
		return true 
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.stringStartsWithDigit(theString)
		if #theString < 1 then return false end 
		local c = string.sub(theString, 1, 1) 
		return c >= "0" and c <= "9" 
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.stringStartsWithLetter(theString)
		if #theString < 1 then return false end 
		local c = string.sub(theString, 1, 1)
		if c >= "a" and c <= "z" then return true end  
		if c >= "A" and c <= "Z" then return true end 
		return false 
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(theString, thePrefix, caseInsensitive)
		if not theString then return false end 
		if not thePrefix then return false end 
		if not caseInsensitive then caseInsensitive = false end 
		
		if caseInsensitive then 
			theString = string.upper(theString)
			thePrefix = string.upper(theString)
		end
		-- new code because old 'string.find' had some really 
		-- strange results with aircraft types. Prefix "A-10" did not 
		-- match string "A-10A" etc. 
		
		-- superseded: string.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]]) solves the problem 
		
		--[[
		local pl = string.len(thePrefix)
		if pl > string.len(theString) then return false end
		if pl < 1 then return false end
 		for i=1, pl do 
		local left =  string.sub(theString, i, i)
		local right = string.sub(thePrefix, i, i)
			if left ~= right then 
				return false
			end
		end
	
		return true 
--]]--		trigger.action.outText("---- OK???", 30)
		-- strange stuff happening with some strings, let's investigate 
		
		local i, j = string.find(theString, thePrefix, 1, true)
		return (i == 1)
--[[--
		if res then
			trigger.action.outText("startswith: <" .. theString .. "> pre <" .. thePrefix .. "> --> YES", 30)
		else 
			trigger.action.outText("startswith: <" .. theString .. "> nojoy pre <" .. thePrefix .. ">", 30)
		end
		return res 
--]]--
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.removePrefix(theString, thePrefix)
		if not dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(theString, thePrefix) then 
			return theString
		end;
		return theString:sub(1 + #thePrefix)
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.stringEndsWith(theString, theEnding)
		return theEnding == "" or theString:sub(-#theEnding) == theEnding
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.removeEnding(theString, theEnding) 
		if not dcsCommon.stringEndsWith(theString, theEnding) then 
			return theString
		end
		return theString:sub(1, #theString - #theEnding)
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.containsString(inString, what, caseSensitive)
		if (not caseSensitive) then 
			inString = string.upper(inString)
			what = string.upper(what)
		end
		if inString == what then return true end -- when entire match 
		return string.find(inString, what, 1, true) -- 1, true means start at 1, plaintext
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.bool2Text(theBool) 
		if not theBool then theBool = false end 
		if theBool then return "true" end 
		return "false"
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.bool2YesNo(theBool)
		if not theBool then 
			theBool = false
			return "NIL"
		end 
		if theBool then return "yes" end 
		return "no"
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.bool2Num(theBool)
		if not theBool then theBool = false end 
		if theBool then return 1 end 
		return 0
	end

	function dcsCommon.point2text(p) 
		if not p then return "<!NIL!>" end 
		local t = "[x="
		if p.x then t = t .. p.x .. ", " else t = t .. "<nil>, " end 
		if p.y then t = t .. "y=" .. p.y .. ", " else t = t .. "y=<nil>, " end 
		if p.z then t = t .. "z=" .. p.z .. "]" else t = t .. "z=<nil>]" end 
		return t 
	end

	function dcsCommon.string2GroupCat(inString)

		if not inString then return 2 end -- default ground 
		inString = inString:lower()
		inString = dcsCommon.trim(inString)

		local catNum = tonumber(inString)
		if catNum then 
			if catNum < 0 then catNum = 0 end 
			if catNum > 4 then catNum = 4 end 
			return catNum 
		end
	
		catNum = 2 -- ground default 
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(inString, "grou") then catNum = 2 end 
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(inString, "air") then catNum = 0 end
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(inString, "hel") then catNum = 1 end
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(inString, "shi") then catNum = 3 end
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(inString, "trai") then catNum = 4 end

		return catNum
	end

	function dcsCommon.string2ObjectCat(inString)

		if not inString then return 3 end -- default static 
		inString = inString:lower()
		inString = dcsCommon.trim(inString)

		local catNum = tonumber(inString)
		if catNum then 
			if catNum < 0 then catNum = 0 end 
			if catNum > 6 then catNum = 6 end 
			return catNum 
		end
	
		catNum = 3 -- static default 
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(inString, "uni") then catNum = 1 end 
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(inString, "wea") then catNum = 2 end
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(inString, "bas") then catNum = 4 end
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(inString, "sce") then catNum = 5 end
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWith(inString, "car") then catNum = 6 end

		return catNum
	end

	function dcsCommon.menu2text(inMenu)
		if not inMenu then return "<nil>" end
		local s = ""
		for n, v in pairs(inMenu) do 
			if type(v) == "string" then 
				if s == "" then s = "[" .. v .. "]"  else 
					s = s .. " | [" .. type(v) .. "]" end
			else 
				if s == "" then s = "[<" .. type(v) .. ">]"  else
					s = s .. " | [<" .. type(v) .. ">]" end
			end
		end
		return s
	end

	-- recursively show the contents of a variable
	function dcsCommon.dumpVar(key, value, prefix, inrecursion)
		if not inrecursion then 
			-- output a marker to find in the log / screen
			env.info("*** dcsCommon vardump START")
		end
		if not value then value = "nil" end
		if not prefix then prefix = "" end
		prefix = " " .. prefix
		if type(value) == "table" then 
			env.info(prefix .. key .. ": [ ")
			-- iterate through all kvp
			for k,v in pairs (value) do
				dcsCommon.dumpVar(k, v, prefix, true)
			end
			env.info(prefix .. " ] - end " .. key)
			
		elseif type(value) == "boolean" then 
			local b = "false"
			if value then b = "true" end
			env.info(prefix .. key .. ": " .. b)
			
		else -- simple var, show contents, ends recursion
			env.info(prefix .. key .. ": " .. value)
		end
		
		if not inrecursion then 
			-- output a marker to find in the log / screen
			trigger.action.outText("=== dcsCommon vardump end", 30)
			env.info("=== dcsCommon vardump end")
		end
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.dumpVar2Str(key, value, prefix, inrecursion)
		-- dumps to screen, not string 
		if not inrecursion then 
			-- output a marker to find in the log / screen
			trigger.action.outText("*** dcsCommon vardump START",30)
		end
		if not value then value = "nil" end
		if not prefix then prefix = "" end
		prefix = " " .. prefix
		if getmetatable(value) then 
			if type(value) == "string" then 
			else 
				trigger.action.outText(prefix .. key (" .. type(value) .. ") .. " HAS META", 30)
			end
		end
		if type(value) == "table" then 
			trigger.action.outText(prefix .. key .. ": [ ", 30)
			-- iterate through all kvp
			for k,v in pairs (value) do
				dcsCommon.dumpVar2Str(k, v, prefix, true)
			end
			trigger.action.outText(prefix .. " ] - end " .. key, 30)
			
		elseif type(value) == "boolean" then 
			local b = "false"
			if value then b = "true" end
			trigger.action.outText(prefix .. key .. ": " .. b, 30)
			
		else -- simple var, show contents, ends recursion
			trigger.action.outText(prefix .. key .. ": " .. value, 30)
		end
		
		if not inrecursion then 
			-- output a marker to find in the log / screen
			trigger.action.outText("=== dcsCommon vardump end", 30)
			--env.info("=== dcsCommon vardump end")
		end
	end
		
	function dcsCommon.numberUUID()
		dcsCommon.simpleUUID = dcsCommon.simpleUUID + 1
		return dcsCommon.simpleUUID
	end

	function dcsCommon.uuid(prefix)
		--dcsCommon.uuIdent = dcsCommon.uuIdent + 1
		if not prefix then prefix = dcsCommon.uuidStr end
		return prefix .. "-" .. dcsCommon.numberUUID() -- dcsCommon.uuIdent
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.event2text(id) 
		if not id then return "error" end
		if id == 0 then return "invalid" end
		-- translate the event id to text
		local events = {"shot", "hit", "takeoff", "land",
						"crash", "eject", "refuel", "dead", -- 8
						"pilot dead", "base captured", "mission start", "mission end", -- 12
						"took control", "refuel stop", "birth", "human failure", -- 16 
						"det. failure", "engine start", "engine stop", "player enter unit", -- 20
						"player leave unit", "player comment", "start shoot", "end shoot", -- 24
						"mark add", "mark changed", "mark removed", "kill", -- 28 
						"score", "unit lost", "land after eject", "Paratrooper land", -- 32 
						"chair discard after eject", "weapon add", "trigger zone", "landing quality mark", -- 36
						"BDA", "AI Abort Mission", "DayNight", "Flight Time", -- 40
						"Pilot Suicide", "player cap airfield", "emergency landing", "unit create task", -- 44
						"unit delete task", "Simulation start", "weapon rearm", "weapon drop", -- 48
						"unit task timeout", "unit task stage", 
						"max"}
		if id > #events then return "Unknown (ID=" .. id .. ")" end
		return events[id]
	end

	function dcsCommon.smokeColor2Text(smokeColor)
		if (smokeColor == 0) then return "Green" end
		if (smokeColor == 1) then return "Red" end
		if (smokeColor == 2) then return "White" end
		if (smokeColor == 3) then return "Orange" end
		if (smokeColor == 4) then return "Blue" end
		
		return ("unknown: " .. smokeColor)
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.flareColor2Text(flareColor)
		if (flareColor == 0) then return "Green" end
		if (flareColor == 1) then return "Red" end
		if (flareColor == 2) then return "White" end
		if (flareColor == 3) then return "Yellow" end
		if (flareColor < 0) then return "Random" end 
		return ("unknown: " .. flareColor)
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.smokeColor2Num(smokeColor)
		if not smokeColor then smokeColor = "green" end 
		if type(smokeColor) ~= "string" then return 0 end 
		smokeColor = smokeColor:lower()
		if (smokeColor == "green") then return 0 end 
		if (smokeColor == "red") then return 1 end 
		if (smokeColor == "white") then return 2 end 
		if (smokeColor == "orange") then return 3 end 
		if (smokeColor == "blue") then return 4 end 
		return 0
	end

	function dcsCommon.flareColor2Num(flareColor)
		if not flareColor then flareColor = "green" end 
		if type(flareColor) ~= "string" then return 0 end 
		flareColor = flareColor:lower()
		if (flareColor == "green") then return 0 end 
		if (flareColor == "red") then return 1 end 
		if (flareColor == "white") then return 2 end 
		if (flareColor == "yellow") then return 3 end 
		if (flareColor == "random") then return -1 end 
		if (flareColor == "rnd") then return -1 end 
		return 0
	end

	
	function dcsCommon.markPointWithSmoke(p, smokeColor)
		if not smokeColor then smokeColor = 0 end 
		local x = p.x 
		local z = p.z -- do NOT change the point directly
		-- height-correct
		local y = land.getHeight({x = x, y = z})
		local newPoint= {x = x, y = y + 2, z = z}
		trigger.action.smoke(newPoint, smokeColor)
	end

-- based on buzzer1977's idea, channel is number, eg in 74X, channel is 74, mode is "X"
	function dcsCommon.tacan2freq(channel, mode)	
		if not mode then mode = "X" end 
		if not channel then channel = 1 end 
		if type(mode) ~= "string" then mode = "X" end 
		mode = mode:upper()
		local offset = 1000000 * channel
		if channel < 64 then 
			if mode == "Y" then
				return 1087000000 + offset
			end
			return 961000000 + offset -- mode x
		end
	
		if mode == "Y" then
			return 961000000 + offset
		end
		return 1087000000 + offset -- mode x
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.processHMS(msg, delta)
		local rS = math.floor(delta)
		local remainS = tostring(rS)
		local rM = math.floor(delta/60)
		local remainM = tostring(rM)
		local rH = math.floor(delta/3600)
		local remainH = tostring(rH)
		local hmsH = remainH 
		if rH < 10 then hmsH = "0" .. hmsH end 
		
		local hmsCount = delta - (rH * 3600) -- mins left 
		local mins = math.floor (hmsCount / 60)
		local hmsM = tostring(mins)
		if mins < 10 then hmsM = "0" .. hmsM end 
		
		hmsCount = hmsCount - (mins * 60) 
		local secs = math.floor(hmsCount)
		local hmsS = tostring(secs)
		if secs < 10 then hmsS = "0" .. hmsS end 
		
		msg = string.gsub(msg, "<s>", remainS)
		msg = string.gsub(msg, "<m>", remainM)
		msg = string.gsub(msg, "<h>", remainH)
		
		msg = string.gsub(msg, "<:s>", hmsS)
		msg = string.gsub(msg, "<:m>", hmsM)
		msg = string.gsub(msg, "<:h>", hmsH)
		
		return msg 
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.nowString()
		local absSecs = timer.getAbsTime()-- + env.mission.start_time
		while absSecs > 86400 do 
			absSecs = absSecs - 86400 -- subtract out all days 
		end
		return dcsCommon.processHMS("<:h>:<:m>:<:s>", absSecs)
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.str2num(inVal, default) 
		if not default then default = 0 end
		if not inVal then return default end
		if type(inVal) == "number" then return inVal end 				
		local num = nil
		if type(inVal) == "string" then num = tonumber(inVal) end
		if not num then return default end
		return num
	end
	
	function dcsCommon.stringRemainsStartingWith(theString, startingWith)
		-- find the first position where startingWith starts 
		local pos = theString:find(startingWith)
		if not pos then return theString end 
		-- now return the entire remainder of the string from pos 
		local nums = theString:len() - pos + 1
		return theString:sub(-nums)
	end

--
--
-- V E C T O R   M A T H 
--
--

function dcsCommon.vAdd(a, b) 
	local r = {}
	if not a then a = {x = 0, y = 0, z = 0} end
	if not b then b = {x = 0, y = 0, z = 0} end
	r.x = a.x + b.x 
	r.y = a.y + b.y 
	if a.z and b.z then 
		r.z = a.z + b.z 
	end 
	return r 
end

function dcsCommon.vSub(a, b) 
	local r = {}
	if not a then a = {x = 0, y = 0, z = 0} end
	if not b then b = {x = 0, y = 0, z = 0} end
	r.x = a.x - b.x 
	r.y = a.y - b.y 
	if a.z and b.z then 
		r.z = a.z - b.z 
	end 
	return r 
end

function dcsCommon.vMultScalar(a, f) 
	local r = {}
	if not a then a = {x = 0, y = 0, z = 0} end
	if not f then f = 0 end
	r.x = a.x * f 
	r.y = a.y * f 
	if a.z then 
		r.z = a.z * f
    end		
	return r 
end

function dcsCommon.vLerp (a, b, t)
	if not a then a = {x = 0, y = 0, z = 0} end
	if not b then b = {x = 0, y = 0, z = 0} end
	
	local d = dcsCommon.vSub(b, a)
	local dt = dcsCommon.vMultScalar(d, t)
	local r = dcsCommon.vAdd(a, dt)
	return r
end

function dcsCommon.mag(x, y, z) 
	if not x then x = 0 end
	if not y then y = 0 end 
	if not z then z = 0 end 
	
	return (x * x + y * y + z * z)^0.5
end

function dcsCommon.vMag(a) 
	if not a then return 0 end 
	if not a.x then a.x = 0 end 
	if not a.y then a.y = 0 end 
	if not a.z then a.z = 0 end
	return dcsCommon.mag(a.x, a.y, a.z) 
end

function dcsCommon.magSquare(x, y, z) 
	if not x then x = 0 end
	if not y then y = 0 end 
	if not z then z = 0 end 
	
	return (x * x + y * y + z * z)
end

function dcsCommon.vNorm(a) 
	if not a then return {x = 0, y = 0, z = 0} end 
	m = dcsCommon.vMag(a)
	if m <= 0 then return {x = 0, y = 0, z = 0} end 
	local r = {}
	r.x = a.x / m 
	r.y = a.y / m 
	r.z = a.z / m
	return r 
end

function dcsCommon.dot (a, b) 
	if not a then a = {} end 
	if not a.x then a.x = 0 end 
	if not a.y then a.y = 0 end 
	if not a.z then a.z = 0 end
	if not b then b = {} end 
	if not b.x then b.x = 0 end 
	if not b.y then b.y = 0 end 
	if not b.z then b.z = 0 end 
	
	return a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z 
end
--
-- UNIT MISC
-- 
function dcsCommon.isSceneryObject(theUnit)
	if not theUnit then return false end
	return theUnit.getCoalition == nil -- scenery objects do not return a coalition 
end

function dcsCommon.isTroopCarrierType(theType, carriers)
	if not theType then return false end 
	if not carriers then carriers = dcsCommon.troopCarriers 
	end 
	-- remember that arrayContainsString is case INsensitive by default 
	if dcsCommon.wildArrayContainsString(carriers, theType) then 
		-- may add additional tests before returning true
		return true
	end
	
	-- see if user wanted 'any' or 'all' supported
	if dcsCommon.arrayContainsString(carriers, "any") then 
		return true 
	end 
	
	if dcsCommon.arrayContainsString(carriers, "all") then 
		return true 
	end 
	
	return false
end

function dcsCommon.isTroopCarrier(theUnit, carriers)
	-- return true if conf can carry troups
	if not theUnit then return false end 
	local uType = theUnit:getTypeName()
	return dcsCommon.isTroopCarrierType(uType, carriers) 
end


function dcsCommon.getAllExistingPlayerUnitsRaw()
	local apu = {}
	for idx, theSide in pairs(dcsCommon.coalitionSides) do
		local thePlayers = coalition.getPlayers(theSide) 
		for idy, theUnit in pairs (thePlayers) do 
			if theUnit and theUnit:isExist() then 
				table.insert(apu, theUnit)
			end
		end
	end
	return apu 
end

function dcsCommon.getUnitAlt(theUnit)
	if not theUnit then return 0 end
	if not Unit.isExist(theUnit) then return 0 end -- safer 
	local p = theUnit:getPoint()
	return p.y 
end

function dcsCommon.getUnitAGL(theUnit)
	if not theUnit then return 0 end
	if not Unit.isExist(theUnit) then return 0 end -- safe fix
	local p = theUnit:getPoint()
	local alt = p.y 
	local loc = {x = p.x, y = p.z}
	local landElev = land.getHeight(loc)
	return alt - landElev
end 

function dcsCommon.getUnitSpeed(theUnit)
	if not theUnit then return 0 end
	if not Unit.isExist(theUnit) then return 0 end 
	local v = theUnit:getVelocity()
	return dcsCommon.mag(v.x, v.y, v.z)
end

-- closing velocity of u1 and u2, seen from u1
function dcsCommon.getClosingVelocity(u1, u2)
	if not u1 then return 0 end 
	if not u2 then return 0 end 
	if not u1:isExist() then return 0 end 
	if not u2:isExist() then return 0 end 
	local v1 = u1:getVelocity()
	local v2 = u2:getVelocity()
	local dV = dcsCommon.vSub(v1,v2)
	local a = u1:getPoint()
	local b = u2:getPoint() 
	local aMinusB = dcsCommon.vSub(a,b) -- vector from u2 to u1
	local abMag = dcsCommon.vMag(aMinusB) -- distance u1 to u2 
	if abMag < .0001 then return 0 end 
	-- project deltaV onto vector from u2 to u1 
	local vClose = dcsCommon.dot(dV, aMinusB) / abMag 
	return vClose 
end

function dcsCommon.getGroupAvgSpeed(theGroup)
	if not theGroup then return 0 end 
	if not dcsCommon.isGroupAlive(theGroup) then return 0 end 
	local totalSpeed = 0
	local cnt = 0 
	local livingUnits = theGroup:getUnits()
	for idx, theUnit in pairs(livingUnits) do 
		cnt = cnt + 1
		totalSpeed = totalSpeed + dcsCommon.getUnitSpeed(theUnit)
	end 
	if cnt == 0 then return 0 end 
	return totalSpeed / cnt 
end
 
function dcsCommon.getGroupMaxSpeed(theGroup)
	if not theGroup then return 0 end 
	if not dcsCommon.isGroupAlive(theGroup) then return 0 end 
	local maxSpeed = 0
	local livingUnits = theGroup:getUnits()
	for idx, theUnit in pairs(livingUnits) do 
		currSpeed = dcsCommon.getUnitSpeed(theUnit)
		if currSpeed > maxSpeed then maxSpeed = currSpeed end 
	end 
	return maxSpeed
end 

function dcsCommon.getUnitHeading(theUnit)
	if not theUnit then return 0 end 
	if not theUnit:isExist() then return 0 end 
	local pos = theUnit:getPosition() -- returns three vectors, p is location

	local heading = math.atan2(pos.x.z, pos.x.x)
	-- make sure positive only, add 360 degrees
	if heading < 0 then
		heading = heading + 2 * math.pi	-- put heading in range of 0 to 2*pi
	end
	return heading 
end

function dcsCommon.getUnitHeadingDegrees(theUnit)
	local heading = dcsCommon.getUnitHeading(theUnit)
	return heading * 57.2958 -- 180 / math.pi 
end

function dcsCommon.typeIsInfantry(theType)
	local isInfantry =  
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "infantry", false) or 
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "paratrooper", false) or
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "stinger", false) or
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "manpad", false) or
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "soldier", false) or 
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "SA-18 Igla", false)
	return isInfantry
end

function dcsCommon.unitIsInfantry(theUnit)
	if not theUnit then return false end 
	if not theUnit:isExist() then return end
	local theType = theUnit:getTypeName()
--[[--
	local isInfantry =  
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "infantry", false) or 
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "paratrooper", false) or
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "stinger", false) or
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "manpad", false) or
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "soldier", false) or 
				dcsCommon.containsString(theType, "SA-18 Igla", false)
	return isInfantry
--]]--
	return dcsCommon.typeIsInfantry(theType)
end

function dcsCommon.coalition2county(inCoalition)
	-- simply return UN troops for 0 neutral,
	-- joint red for 1  red
	-- joint blue for 2 blue 
	if inCoalition == 1 then return 81 end -- cjtf red
	if inCoalition == 2 then return 80 end -- blue 
	if type(inCoalition) == "string" then 
			inCoalition = inCoalition:lower()
			if inCoalition == "red" then return 81 end
			if inCoalition == "blue" then return 80 end
	end
		
	trigger.action.outText("+++dcsC: coalition2county in (" .. inCoalition .. ") converts to UN (82)!", 30)
	return 82 -- UN 
	
end

function dcsCommon.coalition2Text(coa)
	if not coa then return "!nil!" end 
	if coa == 0 then return "NEUTRAL" end 
	if coa == 1 then return "RED" end 
	if coa == 2 then return "BLUE" end 
	return "?UNKNOWN?"
end

function dcsCommon.latLon2Text(lat, lon)
	-- inspired by mist, thanks Grimes!
	-- returns two strings: lat and lon 
	
	-- determine hemispheres by sign
	local latHemi, lonHemi
	if lat > 0 then latHemi = 'N' else latHemi = 'S' end
	if lon > 0 then lonHemi = 'E' else lonHemi = 'W' end

	-- remove sign since we have hemi
	lat = math.abs(lat)
	lon = math.abs(lon)

	-- calc deg / mins 
	local latDeg = math.floor(lat)
	local latMin = (lat - latDeg) * 60
	local lonDeg = math.floor(lon)
	local lonMin = (lon - lonDeg) * 60

	-- calc seconds 
	local rawLatMin = latMin
	latMin = math.floor(latMin)
	local latSec = (rawLatMin - latMin) * 60
	local rawLonMin = lonMin
	lonMin = math.floor(lonMin)
	local lonSec = (rawLonMin - lonMin) * 60

	-- correct for rounding errors 
	if latSec >= 60 then
		latSec = latSec - 60
		latMin = latMin + 1
	end
	if lonSec >= 60 then
		lonSec = lonSec - 60
		lonMin = lonMin + 1
	end

	-- prepare string output 
	local secFrmtStr = '%06.3f'
	local lat = string.format('%02d', latDeg) .. '°' .. string.format('%02d', latMin) .. "'" .. string.format(secFrmtStr, latSec) .. '"' .. latHemi
	local lon = string.format('%02d', lonDeg) .. '°' .. string.format('%02d', lonMin) .. "'" .. string.format(secFrmtStr, lonSec) .. '"' .. lonHemi
	return lat, lon  
end

-- get mission name. If mission file name without ".miz"
function dcsCommon.getMissionName()
	local mn = net.dostring_in("gui", "return DCS.getMissionName()")
	return mn
end

function dcsCommon.numberArrayFromString(inString, default) -- moved from cfxZones
	if not default then default = 0 end 
	if string.len(inString) < 1 then 
		trigger.action.outText("+++dcsCommon: empty numbers", 30)
		return {default, } 
	end
	
	local flags = {}
	local rawElements = dcsCommon.splitString(inString, ",")
	-- go over all elements 
	for idx, anElement in pairs(rawElements) do 
		anElement = dcsCommon.trim(anElement)
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWithDigit(anElement) and dcsCommon.containsString(anElement, "-") then 
			-- interpret this as a range
			local theRange = dcsCommon.splitString(anElement, "-")
			local lowerBound = theRange[1]
			lowerBound = tonumber(lowerBound)
			local upperBound = theRange[2]
			upperBound = tonumber(upperBound)
			if lowerBound and upperBound then
				-- swap if wrong order
				if lowerBound > upperBound then 
					local temp = upperBound
					upperBound = lowerBound
					lowerBound = temp 
				end
				-- now add add numbers to flags
				for f=lowerBound, upperBound do 
					table.insert(flags, tostring(f))
				end
			else
				-- bounds illegal
				trigger.action.outText("+++dcsCommon: ignored range <" .. anElement .. "> (range)", 30)
			end
		else
			-- single number
			f = dcsCommon.trim(anElement)
			f = tonumber(f)
			if f then 
				table.insert(flags, f)
			end
		end
	end
	if #flags < 1 then flags = {default, } end 
	return flags
end 

function dcsCommon.flagArrayFromString(inString, verbose)
	if not verbose then verbose = false end 
	
	if verbose then 
		trigger.action.outText("+++flagArray: processing <" .. inString .. ">", 30)
	end 

	if string.len(inString) < 1 then 
		trigger.action.outText("+++flagArray: empty flags", 30)
		return {} 
	end
	
	
	local flags = {}
	local rawElements = dcsCommon.splitString(inString, ",")
	-- go over all elements 
	for idx, anElement in pairs(rawElements) do 
		anElement = dcsCommon.trim(anElement)
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWithDigit(anElement) and  dcsCommon.containsString(anElement, "-") then 
			-- interpret this as a range
			local theRange = dcsCommon.splitString(anElement, "-")
			local lowerBound = theRange[1]
			lowerBound = tonumber(lowerBound)
			local upperBound = theRange[2]
			upperBound = tonumber(upperBound)
			if lowerBound and upperBound then
				-- swap if wrong order
				if lowerBound > upperBound then 
					local temp = upperBound
					upperBound = lowerBound
					lowerBound = temp 
				end
				-- now add add numbers to flags
				for f=lowerBound, upperBound do 
					table.insert(flags, f)

				end
			else
				-- bounds illegal
				trigger.action.outText("+++flagArray: ignored range <" .. anElement .. "> (range)", 30)
			end
		else
			-- single number
			local f = dcsCommon.trim(anElement) -- DML flag upgrade: accept strings tonumber(anElement)
			if f then 
				table.insert(flags, f)

			else 
				trigger.action.outText("+++flagArray: ignored element <" .. anElement .. "> (single)", 30)
			end
		end
	end
	if verbose then 
		trigger.action.outText("+++flagArray: <" .. #flags .. "> flags total", 30)
	end 
	return flags
end

function dcsCommon.rangeArrayFromString(inString, verbose)
	if not verbose then verbose = false end 
	
	if verbose then 
		trigger.action.outText("+++rangeArray: processing <" .. inString .. ">", 30)
	end 

	if string.len(inString) < 1 then 
		trigger.action.outText("+++rangeArray: empty ranges", 30)
		return {} 
	end
	
	local ranges = {}
	local rawElements = dcsCommon.splitString(inString, ",")
	-- go over all elements 
	for idx, anElement in pairs(rawElements) do 
		anElement = dcsCommon.trim(anElement)
		local outRange = {}
		if dcsCommon.stringStartsWithDigit(anElement) and  dcsCommon.containsString(anElement, "-") then 
			-- interpret this as a range
			local theRange = dcsCommon.splitString(anElement, "-")
			local lowerBound = theRange[1]
			lowerBound = tonumber(lowerBound)
			local upperBound = theRange[2]
			upperBound = tonumber(upperBound)
			if lowerBound and upperBound then
				-- swap if wrong order
				if lowerBound > upperBound then 
					local temp = upperBound
					upperBound = lowerBound
					lowerBound = temp 
				end
				-- now add to ranges
				outRange[1] = lowerBound
				outRange[2] = upperBound
				table.insert(ranges, outRange)
				if verbose then 
					trigger.action.outText("+++rangeArray: new range <" .. lowerBound .. "> to <" .. upperBound .. ">", 30)
				end
			else
				-- bounds illegal
				trigger.action.outText("+++rangeArray: ignored range <" .. anElement .. "> (range)", 30)
			end
		else
			-- single number
			local f = dcsCommon.trim(anElement) 
			f = tonumber(f)
			if f then 
				outRange[1] = f
				outRange[2] = f
				table.insert(ranges, outRange)
				if verbose then 
					trigger.action.outText("+++rangeArray: new (single-val) range <" .. f .. "> to <" .. f .. ">", 30)
				end
			else 
				trigger.action.outText("+++rangeArray: ignored element <" .. anElement .. "> (single)", 30)
			end
		end
	end
	if verbose then 
		trigger.action.outText("+++rangeArray: <" .. #ranges .. "> ranges total", 30)
	end 
	return ranges
end

function dcsCommon.incFlag(flagName)
	local v = trigger.misc.getUserFlag(flagName)
	trigger.action.setUserFlag(flagName, v + 1)
end

function dcsCommon.decFlag(flagName)
	local v = trigger.misc.getUserFlag(flagName)
	trigger.action.setUserFlag(flagName, v - 1)
end

function dcsCommon.objectHandler(theObject, theCollector)
	table.insert(theCollector, theObject)
	return true 
end

function dcsCommon.getObjectsForCatAtPointWithRadius(aCat, thePoint, theRadius)
	if not aCat then aCat = Object.Category.UNIT end 
	local p = {x=thePoint.x, y=thePoint.y, z=thePoint.z}
	local collector = {}
	
	-- now build the search argument 
	local args = {
			id = world.VolumeType.SPHERE,
			params = {
				point = p,
				radius = theRadius
			}
		}
	
	-- now call search
	world.searchObjects(aCat, args, dcsCommon.objectHandler, collector)
	return collector
end

function dcsCommon.getSceneryObjectsInZone(theZone) -- DCS ZONE!!! 
	local aCat = 5 -- scenery
	-- WARNING: WE ARE USING DCS ZONES, NOT CFX!!!
	local p = {x=theZone.x, y=0, z=theZone.y}
	local lp = {x = p.x, y = p.z}
	p.y = land.getHeight(lp)
	local collector = {}
	
	-- now build the search argument 
	local args = {
			id = world.VolumeType.SPHERE,
			params = {
				point = p,
				radius = theZone.radius
			}
		}
	
	-- now call search
	world.searchObjects(aCat, args, dcsCommon.objectHandler, collector)
	return collector
end

function dcsCommon.getSceneryObjectInZoneByName(theName, theZone) -- DCS ZONE!!!
	local allObs = dcsCommon.getSceneryObjectsInZone(theZone)
	for idx, anObject in pairs(allObs) do 
		if tostring(anObject:getName()) == theName then return anObject end 
	end
	return nil 
end

--
-- bitwise operators
--
function dcsCommon.bitAND32(a, b)
	if not a then a = 0 end 
	if not b then b = 0 end 
	local z = 0
	local e = 1
	for i = 0, 31 do 
		local a1 = a % 2 -- 0 or 1
		local b1 = b % 2 -- 0 or 1
		if a1 == 1 and b1 == 1 then 
			a = a - 1 -- remove bit 
			b = b - 1 
			z = z + e
		else
			if a1 == 1 then a = a - 1 end -- remove bit 
			if b1 == 1 then b = b - 1 end 
		end
		a = a / 2 -- shift right
		b = b / 2		
		e = e * 2 -- raise e by 1 
	end
	return z
end

function dcsCommon.num2bin(a)
	if not a then a = 0 end 
	local z = ""
	for i = 0, 31 do 
		local a1 = a % 2 -- 0 or 1
		if a1 == 1 then 
			a = a - 1 -- remove bit 
			z = "1"..z
		else
			z = "0"..z
		end
		a = a / 2 -- shift right
	end
	return z
end

function dcsCommon.LSR(a, num)
	if not a then a = 0 end 
	if not num then num = 16 end 
	for i = 1, num do 
		local a1 = a % 2 -- 0 or 1
		if a1 == 1 then 
			a = a - 1 -- remove bit 
		end
		a = a / 2 -- shift right
	end
	return a
end

--
-- string wildcards 
--
function dcsCommon.processStringWildcards(inMsg)
	-- Replace STATIC bits of message like CR and zone name 
	if not inMsg then return "<nil inMsg>" end
	local formerType = type(inMsg)
	if formerType ~= "string" then inMsg = tostring(inMsg) end  
	if not inMsg then inMsg = "<inMsg is incompatible type " .. formerType .. ">" end 
	local outMsg = ""
	-- replace line feeds 
	outMsg = inMsg:gsub("<n>", "\n")

	return outMsg 
end

--
-- phonetic alphabet 
--
dcsCommon.alphabet = {
    a = "alpha",
    b = "bravo",
    c = "charlie",
    d = "delta",
    e = "echo",
    f = "foxtrot",
    g = "golf",
    h = "hotel",
    i = "india",
    j = "juliet",
    k = "kilo",
    l = "lima",
    m = "mike",
    n = "november",
    o = "oscar",
    p = "papa",
    q = "quebec",
    r = "romeo",
    s = "sierra",
    t = "tango",
    u = "uniform",
    v = "victor",
    w = "whiskey",
    x = "x-ray",
    y = "yankee",
    z = "zulu",
["0"] = "zero",
["1"] = "wun",
["2"] = "too",
["3"] = "tree",
["4"] = "fower",
["5"] = "fife" ,
["6"] = "six",
["7"] = "seven",
["8"] = "att",
["9"] = "niner",
[" "] = "break",
}

function dcsCommon.letter(inChar)
	local theChar = ""
	if type(inChar == "string") then 
		if #inChar < 1 then return "#ERROR0#" end
		inChar = string.lower(inChar)
		theChar = string.sub(inChar, 1, 1)
	elseif type(inChar == "number") then 
		if inChar > 255 then return "#ERROR>#" end 
		if inChar < 0 then return "#ERROR<#" end 
		theChar = char(inChar)
	else 
		return "#ERRORT#"
	end
--	trigger.action.outText("doing <" .. theChar .. ">", 30)
	local a = dcsCommon.alphabet[theChar]
	if a == nil then a = "#ERROR?#" end 
	return a 
end

function dcsCommon.spellString(inString)
	local res = ""
	local first = true 
	for i = 1, #inString do
		local c = inString:sub(i,i)
		if first then 
			res = dcsCommon.letter(c)
			first = false 
		else 
			res = res .. " " .. dcsCommon.letter(c)
		end
	end
	return res 
end

dcsCommon.letters = {"A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J", "K", "L", "M", "N", 
"O", "P", "Q", "R", "S", "T", "U", "V", "W", "X", "Y", "Z", }
function dcsCommon.randomLetter(lowercase)
	local theLetter = dcsCommon.pickRandom(dcsCommon.letters)
	if lowercase then theLetter = string.lower(theLetter) end 
	return theLetter
end

--
-- RGBA from hex
--
function dcsCommon.hexString2RGBA(inString) 
	-- enter with "#FF0020" (RGB) or "#FF00AB99" RGBA
	-- check if it starts with #
	if not inString then return nil end 
	if #inString ~= 7 and #inString ~=9 then return nil end 
	if inString:sub(1, 1) ~= "#" then return nil end 
	inString = inString:lower()
	local red = tonumber("0x" .. inString:sub(2,3)) 
	if not red then red = 0 end 
	local green = tonumber("0x" .. inString:sub(4,5))
	if not green then green = 0 end 
	local blue = tonumber("0x" .. inString:sub(6,7))
	if not blue then blue = 0 end 
	local alpha = 255 
	if #inString == 9 then 
		alpha = tonumber("0x" .. inString:sub(8,9))
	end
	if not alpha then alpha = 0 end
	return {red/255, green/255, blue/255, alpha/255}
end


--
-- Player handling 
--
function dcsCommon.playerName2Coalition(playerName)
	if not playerName then return 0 end 
	local factions = {1,2}
	for idx, theFaction in pairs(factions) do 
		local players = coalition.getPlayers(theFaction)
		for idy, theUnit in pairs(players) do 
			local upName = theUnit:getPlayerName()
			if upName == playerName then return theFaction end
		end
	end
	return 0
end

function dcsCommon.isPlayerUnit(theUnit)
	-- new patch. simply check if getPlayerName returns something
	if not theUnit then return false end 
	if not Unit.isExist(theUnit) then return end 
	if not theUnit.getPlayerName then return false end -- map/static object 
	local pName = theUnit:getPlayerName()
	if pName then return true end 
	return false 
end

function dcsCommon.getPlayerUnit(name)
	for coa = 1, 2 do 
		local players = coalition.getPlayers(coa)
		for idx, theUnit in pairs(players) do 
			if theUnit:getPlayerName() == name then return theUnit end
		end
	end
	return nil 
end

--
-- theater and theater-related stuff 
--
function dcsCommon.getMapName()
	return env.mission.theatre
end

dcsCommon.magDecls = {Caucasus = 6.5,
					  MarianaIslands = 1,
					  Nevada = 12,
					  PersianGulf = 2,
					  Syria = 4,
					  Normandy = -12 -- 1944, -1 in 2016 
					  -- SinaiMap still missing 
					  -- Falklands still missing, big differences 
					  }
					  
function dcsCommon.getMagDeclForPoint(point) 
	-- WARNING! Approximations only, map-wide, not adjusted for year nor location!
	-- serves as a stub for the day when DCS provides correct info 
	local map = dcsCommon.getMapName()
	local decl = dcsCommon.magDecls[map]
	if not decl then 
		trigger.action.outText("+++dcsC: unknown map <" .. map .. ">, using dclenation 0", 30)
		decl = 0
	end
	return decl 
end 

--
-- iterators
--
-- iteratePlayers - call callback for all player units
-- callback is of signature callback(playerUnit)
--

function dcsCommon.iteratePlayers(callBack)
	local factions = {0, 1, 2}
	for idx, theFaction in pairs(factions) do 
		local players = coalition.getPlayers(theFaction)
		for idy, theUnit in pairs(players) do 
			callBack(theUnit)
		end
	end
end


--
-- MISC POINT CREATION
--
function dcsCommon.createPoint(x, y, z)
	local newPoint = {}
	newPoint.x = x
	newPoint.y = y
	newPoint.z = z -- works even if Z == nil
	return newPoint
end

function dcsCommon.copyPoint(inPoint) 
	local newPoint = {}
	newPoint.x = inPoint.x
	newPoint.y = inPoint.y
	-- handle xz only 
	if inPoint.z then 
		newPoint.z = inPoint.z 
	else 
		newPoint.z = inPoint.y 
	end
	return newPoint	
end

--
-- SEMAPHORES
--
dcsCommon.semaphores = {}

-- replacement for trigger.misc.getUserFlag
function dcsCommon.getUserFlag(flagName)
	if dcsCommon.semaphores[flagName] then 
		return dcsCommon.semaphores[flagName]
	end
	
	return trigger.misc.getUserFlag(flagName)
end

-- replacement for trigger.action.setUserFlag 
function dcsCommon.setUserFlag(flagName, theValue)
	-- not yet connected: semaphores
	
	-- forget semaphore content if new value is old-school 
	if type(theValue) == "number" then 
		dcsCommon.semaphores[theValue] = nil --return to old-school 
	end
	trigger.action.setUserFlag(flagName, theValue)
end

--
--
-- INIT
--
--
	-- init any variables, tables etc that the lib requires internally
	function dcsCommon.init()
		cbID = 0
		-- create ID tables
		dcsCommon.collectMissionIDs()
		
		--dcsCommon.uuIdent = 0
		if (dcsCommon.verbose) or true then
		  trigger.action.outText("dcsCommon v" .. dcsCommon.version .. " loaded", 10)
		end
	end

	
-- do init. 
dcsCommon.init()